A Research On The Medical Education And Pharmaceutical Management In The Yuan Dynasty

The specific characteristics of era endows unique connotation of medicine in the Yuan Dynasty:the Temple School with three Emperors of one syncretic temple and school, the system of medical health care, the influence on clinicians because of the abolition of imperial examination system, the Mongolia rulers' unique attitude and tradition on a highly regarded group of clinicians and the prevalent path of Confucianism→Medicine→Officer. All these make the research on medicine management in the Yuan Dynasty have significant value.Some attentions and research have been done on the medical education and medical management in the academic circles. Some research findings among them are valuable, but most of the achievements and the material used is relatively simplex and lack of depth of research so that some opinions or conclusions of these researchers do have the necessity for further review. Based on the previous academic contributions, this paper adopts the empirical, inductive and comparative methods of history discipline to undertake a relatively deep discussion from the three perspectives of medical education, medicine and medical practice management. Based on the Historical data of History of the Yuan Dynasty and The Ordinances of the Yuan Dynasty, this paper is also combined with the Yuan anthology, local records, notes and other documents to confirm each other, closely combining the medical education and medical management with the political, social, economic, cultural, psychological factors in order to demonstrate the real appearance of medicine management to make up the deficiency of medicine research in the Yuan Dynasty.The first part of this thesis is about the preface which specifies the starting point and research value of the paper. Quack problems and lack of research led me to produce interests and concerns on the medicine management. The unique connotation of medicine management system in the Yuan Dynasty, prevailing wrong points of views in academia about the medicine in the Yuan Dynasty, problems in present research and research paradigms make the research on medical education and medical management the Yuan Dynasty have a unique academic value. This is my original intention and the significance of selecting the topic. In the second part of the paper is about literature review of the findings on medicine by means of classification. The paper Affirmed the achievements and academic value of previous research while it also points out the deficiency and what is still open to discussion.The first chapter is about medical education management of the Yuan Dynasty. The author introduced and analyzed the setup time, the distribution range, the position of the temple school system with three Emperors, sources and employment of teachers and students, assessment of instructors and students, the influence of generations of doctors and the treatment status of teachers of the official medical schools. The author thinks that the central government of the Yuan Dynasty attaches importance to medical education and medical management. This is a fact, but attention in medical education, laws and regulations on medical management was not really implemented in local places because of various restricted elements. Therefore, it is impossible to set up the official medical schools. Actually the official medical schools were not the the main places in which many qualified doctors were trained in the Yuan Dynasty.The second chapter is about pharmaceutical management. The paper mainly analyzed on three managemental levels of pharmacy, drug sale and medication. The thesis claims that the government gave a certain attention to medical management, especially was strict with the management of poison. But because of the limitation of the era, management system and other factors, the government had no great achievements to pharmaceutical, drug sale management and drug supervision resulting in the bad effect in medical management.The third chapter is about medical practice managements and quack problems. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part is to confirm the efforts and historic contributions of the government of the Yuan Dynasty in the medical practice management by consulting and analyzing a large number of historical data. Then the thesis explores different reasons of implementation difficulties of poor medical practice management and finds that the limitation of the times is the biggest problem. The thesis also dissects the relationship between Chinese Confucianism doctors and medical management. The author thinks that the social conduct from learned men to doctors is most prevailing because of the abolition of imperial examination system in the Yuan Dynasty. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty put medical engineering in an important position and it is the foundation from doctors to government officials. This trend from learned men to doctors and officials starts to prevail at that time. The second part discusses the quack problems and analyzes the efforts that the government is devoted to making to ban quacks in the Yuan Dynasty. The author thinks that the management of practice qualification is a guarantee to ensure the medical quality. It influences the content and form of baning quack, and the effect of baning the quack, in turn, affects the practice of medicine qualification management. The two aspects exist side by side and play a part together reciprocal causation.The last part is about conclusion. Firstly it is about the author's understanding and reflection on medical research on the Yuan Dynasty. The medical education research space is larger, but new materials must be found and used. It needs to be strengthened on the medical practice and medical management research in Academic circles. The research method based on medical ontology in the traditional medical history should be Changed. Mastering the Persian and other foreign language is a new requirement due to specific characteristics of the research on the history of medicine in the Yuan Dynasty. Secondly, it is about the prospect of the research in future. This paper mainly points out some of the problems which needs solving but failed to solve. For example: the essence of the Temple school with three Emperors, what influence will be brought to medicine in the dynasty ruled by non-Han rulers in the times of the multi-national integration? These problems are not only the author's confusion but also my focus in the future.Appendix:material compilation comes from the recorded one from History of the Yuan Dynasty, The Ordinances of the Yuan Dynasty and the Anthology composed by peoples in the Yuan Dynasty. Among them, the anthology on medicine composed by Yuan people in the Yuan Dynasty, which includes all articles in Quan Yuan Wen Edited by Li XiuShen. Materials come from Pass system of Georgia, Notes of Yuan people and Local Records were not indexed here in view of the excessively scattered distribution and limited quantity.