Altaic Mongolian Ethnic Language Syntax Comparative Study

Altaistic mainly covers research in the Altaic Turkic, Mongolian and Manchu-Tungus language families. Altaistic provides a set of methods and theories for the research of the Altaic languages. The traditional methods and theories are based on Structuralism and historical comparative linguistics. Historical comparative linguistics is concerned with the Altaic ancestor language. On this background all present Altaic languages and their grammatical forms can be explained. According to the linguistic family tree theory, which is commonly used in Altaistic, all modern Altaic languages have developed after their division from the Altaic ancestor language. Similar, all Mongolian languages developed from a common Mongolian ancestor language (Proto-Mongolian). Structural linguistics reduces its research to the plain internal structure of language to explain all grammatical forms. Structural linguistics neglects the relations of language with its surrounding and rejects the facts which history, social sciences or cultural science could offer for the understanding of language.Bound in this methodical and theoretical framework, Altaistic split up into Turkic studies, Mongolian studies and Manchu-Tungus studies. And in these areas, most scholars restrict their research to only one Altaic language. Thus, Altaistic theory and methodology has not further developed, leading to a crisis in Altaistic studies. Its obsolete theories and methods are to weak to face modern critics.Altaistic claims to explain the relations between the languages in the Altaic language families based on linguistics. The relation of the languages is the relation of the nationalities, using these languages. Traditional Altaistic proposes "common origin" of the languages, other scholars argue with "language contact" relations. These positions are an incompatible contradiction in Altaistic studies.On this background, this thesis proposes the application of some new methods and theories in the research of traditional Altaistic subjects. Doing comparative research on some grammatical categories in the Mongolian languages, we find that many phenomena of Mongolian languages can be approached and explained through the framework of chaos theoryIt is common knowledge that the development of languages is nonlinear. Languages are not a closed structure, but are in constant mutual interfering relation with their environment. Chaos theory offers a set of theories and research approaches to do research on the development of complex systems as a whole as well as on many aspects of complex systems.This thesis will use its form and content to propose some steps of development to Altaistic: In the introduction it honors the precursors of Altaistic (chapter one) and the contributions to the research of the Mongolian languages (chapter two). After an introduction of the research situation in each Mongolian language, the third chapter opens the window of traditional linguistics and gives a view of the languages in their natural environment. This is the contribution of cultural linguistics: the research object of linguistics is no longer an isolated, closed structure but an open system within its historical, social and cultural environment. This thesis applies the methods of modern comparative linguistics to do research on this open, complex system of language and uses the theories and models of chaos theory to explain the results thereof.Linguistics is based on concrete language material. Therefore, the main part is dedicated to the comparative research on representative categories the different Mongolian languages. This part is very detailed to describe and explain the chosen categories completely. The language material from each language partly comes from the literature described and partly was collected during own fieldwork in the areas of these languages.Although the second part does its research in the traditional linguistic categories, there are some proposals about their suitability. By comparing similar categories within different languages, there are many new insights.