On The Religious Discipline Norm Of Taoism Of Period From Later Stage Of Han Dynasty Through The Northern And Southern Dynasties

This dissertation regards as the research object the religious discipline norm of Taoism of the period from later stage of Han Dynasty through the Northern and Southern Dynasties. " Religious discipline norm " in this text is mostly used so as to warning and law,including such relevant categories as prohibition, detailed rules and regulations (科) ,measurement (格) , monastic rule for Taoism (清规) wishing (愿) , unyielding desire (念) , and some impressive and dignified manners (威仪) ,etc. The questions that this dissertation discusse are concentrated on the period from later stage of Han Dynasty through the Northern and Southern Dynasties, so monastic rule for Taoists and measurement (merits and demerits measurement) (功过格) after Tang and Song Dynasties does not be involved , and wishing , unyielding desire, impressive and dignified manner are only involved partly .Therefore the targets discussed mainly concentrate on such four respects as prohibitting , warning, law, regulation,etc.Saying from logic , the formal production of normal religious discipline of Taoism can only be after emerging of Taoism. In the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Tai Ping Dao (太平道) and the Five Dou Mi Dao (五斗米道) mounted the historical stage at the same time and marked the birth of Taoism. With establishment of Taoism., in order to realize its religious purpose ', safeguard Taoism Youth League organization and unify harmoniously ,and maintain people's faith, the norm of the religious discipline arose at the historic moment. However, according to historical origin, the source of normal religious discipline of Taoism can be kept tracing back until the early primitive religious taboo regulation of human society , and the pre-Qin period patriarchal clan system national taboo of religion prohibiting norm , national government decree form of common customs had a too great impact on it too. Its direct predecessor was "God Warning" (天戒) of the augury latitude theologies of the Confucianists of Han Dynasty. "God Warning" was its embryonic form by " Tai Ping Classic " (《太平经》) evolved of " God Warning " of the latitude theology of the augury, and " Dao Warning" (道诫) of the Five Dou Mi Dao indicated Taoism religious discipline norm take shape tentatively. From " God Warning "of augury latitude theology to " God Warning "of Tai Ping Classic and then from " God Warning " of Tai Ping Classic to "Dao Warning" of the Five Dou Mi Dao , this was a trilogy of Taoism's religious discipline forming process.How about Taoism's religious discipline norms from Three Kindoms through the Northern and Southern Dynasties? This dissertation has carried on the discussion from four following respectsmainly:First of all, from the point of view of classical document, on the arrangement and studying of classical documents of Taoism's religious discipline norm of period from Three Kindoms through the Northern and Southern Dynasties ,we can find that the norm had slowly accumulated in Three Kindoms and the western Jin Dynasty, and classics of Taoism's religious discipline had gone through an enormous evolution in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasties . The presenting one with respect one after another of Big clan of old and well-known family (门阀士族 ) had caused great change of Taoism of the Northern and Southern Dynasties of the Eastern Jin Dynasty: On one hand had raised a whiff of upsurge of clearing up rectifying and reform on the former inside of Tian Shi Dao( 天师道), on the other hand a religious sect new developing did not generally emerge in a large amount like the bamboo shoots after a spring rain ! In order to make Taoism change in the orthodox and official direction, the religious sect mostly had createde large quantities of religious discipline norm classics by way of made a pretexting , gods taught classicallying , especially the achievement was very rich sent in this respect in new developing religious sect such as San Huang Dao (三皇派), Ling Bao Dao (灵宝派) and Shang Qing Dao (上清派) . In the middle and later stage of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it was hold three dishes of religious sect other classics and whom religious discipline had already become in forming orthodox and official important characteristic of Taoism to present with respect. They religious discipline norms of Taoism in Middle Ages standardize foundation of system played an extremely important role not merely, and still had a great impact on Taoism in later age.Secondly, from the point of view of the Confucianists, Taoism, Buddhism three angle merged to teach, we can find the significant development of Taoism religious discipline norm in the period due to its absorption and integration of the Confucianists, Buddhism and thought of Taoist school to a great extent. In the Three Kingdoms, two the Jin Dynasties, the Northern and Southern Dynasties period, China plural culture had taken shape progressively. Conforming with this, the religious discipline norm of Taoism of this period obviously had demonstrated the all-embracing characteristic too. Not merely the religious discipline and justice of Buddhism were paid attention to and drawn lessons from and absorbed without restraint, the ethics moral concepts of the Confucianists and some concepts of the Taoist school were absorbed in the religious discipline norm of Taoism by way of making a pretexting, gods taughting. The Confucianists, Taoist school ,and Buddhism had really great contribution in setting-up Taoism religious discipline norm of this period.Moreover , from the point of view of religion theology , on the concrete analysis to thought content, form of expression and basic principle with normal religious discipline of Taoism of this period, we can find that the significant development of religious discipline norm of Taoism this period could not be separated from its insisting on own standard position. Taoism may melt and absorb various kinds of thought composition in the course of growing up, but all these must submit to its long purport of producing the celestial being . Ethics , gift law , Buddhism and metaphysics theory in the Wei and Jin Dynasties may contribute to the construction of Taoism's theoretical system. Perhaps they had important meaning in such respects as methodology, epistemology ,etc, but they had not broken away from the celestial being of Taoism to study the hedge all the time in such key parts as the values ,etc.. As far as norm of the religious discipline are concerned, Taoism's religious discipline had no doubt absorbed many religious disciplines of Buddhism and nutritional labeling of the gift law of the common customs, but they couldt equate to it after all. Compared with the religious discipline of Buddhism, Taoism had some special taboo such as not teaching the classics easily ,etc, and had some special punishment measures such as reducing the life-span , losing classics , prohibitting practising celestial skill and extremely severe punishing their dead ancestors in hell for persons who had violated religious discipline Taoism. In addition, Taoism had some special atoning for one's crime and apologizing for an offence ,for example to throw to lofty mountains or water to repent special. All these the above, South Asia Buddhism culture could pregnant few. And compared with the gift law of the common customs, though Taoism's religious discipline norm in form had used such national government decree forms of the common customs as " regulation " , " law " ,etc, and had a lot of places to draw lessons from the gift law of the common customs on content with normal religious discipline of Taoism, Taoism had given these contents with the unique theology intension of the religion , and its punishment measures appealing to karma and longing to celestial being depend mainly on next life often, which was totally different from common customs gift law based on realistic situation . As for the way of its apologizing for an offence and atoning for one's crime was able not to learn for common customs gift law, too.Finally, from the view point of practising, on observing to Taoist priest of period this state of religious discipline investigate actually, with the great transitions of Taoism's organizational form and basic purport, Taoist priest had formed prevailing custom gradually to strive for virtue and left the home to practise celestial skil in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and Taoism organize atmosphere had taken a favorable turn than in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Especially large quantities of...