"group" And "own" Transmutation

This text tries to probe into this subject of modern transition of Chinese literature from the literature values aspect by systematical investigation of the whole relation between the national character thought and the transition of Chinese modern literature.Chinese modern national character thought is the crystallization of two kinds of cultural conflict of China and the West, it includes two kinds of dimensions, one dimension is the apparent criticizing the ubiquitous weakness among people on the aspect, the other dimension is the high praise of the national quality in west modern social which implies the aspect. Chinese and Western people or national character of universality that people reflect on oneself is the result that culture contaminated for a long time, so the development of the national character thought will inevitably touch and get deeply to the deep difference between two kinds of culture. And national character thought itself have the character of concentration, reality and getting deep on consideration of Chinese and Western cultural conflict, it also naturally have the stipulations and guidance influence on modern transition of Chinese literature values of aspect. Because of the complexity of the cultural conflict, there is a constantly deep phased course in the development of the national character thought, it has left the deep trace in the change of Chinese literature values in pace with it the characteristic at each stage.However, the current existing research situation shows that it still has one deficiency in the integrity research of the two, the reason is that the change of national character thought in early and later period, which makes researchers have difficult to have it united exactly, it also influence the research on its function in the transition course of Chinese literature. This text points out that the essential difference of Chinese and Western culture is Collective and Individual of own values, it mustreflect among whole national character thought and modern transition course of Chinese literature that move ahead simultaneously from the superficial to the deep, so this text attempt to explore national character thought and modern transition course of Chinese literature from the change view Of The relationship between Collective and Individual, This text also regards it as the logic clue of the full text.The thesis divides into five chapters altogether.Chapter one explained the cultural differences of conception of collective and individual as investigating the rationality of the angle. Have explored the values difference between two kinds of culture in thesis at first. Chinese traditional culture was inclined to mainly with collective standard values, reflect in occupy social major culture is taking "politeness" and " benevolence " as key concept in the Confucian " the politeness manages culture ". The organizational form which Chinese traditional culture rest on can divide into two levels: monarch country (" big group " ) under feudal and autocratic, family (" small group " ) under the patriarchal system, they make up the structure system of Chinese traditional society of together. This structure system and Chinese traditional culture are integral, they have deep influence on national character thought in modern times. Western Culture was inclined to mainly with the values of individual standard in modern times. This text has briefly explored the ideological trend of individualism of modern times since western Renaissance, points out its individual values concept as the key of the Western cultural value system in modern times. The values of individual standard display in the relationship between collective and individual is the freedom principle and democratic system of the national country's government, the two are integral, they set up on the values of individual standard. The development of Chinese national character thought has confirmed this too. On this basis, this chapter confirmed that the conception of collective and individual is the key category of Chinese national character from its origin and servility, lack of social morality heart, hypocrisy, etc. Then points out the modern transition of Chinese literature include such omni-directional and three-dimensional change course inclusive as the language, type, etc., establishing thevalues of individual standard by shaking off collective standard values of traditional culture, finishing the discovery of "human", establishing human literature are the most basic signs. So the key category of modern value that made the transition of Chinese literature is also the conception of collective and individual. In fact, just from this view, the national character thought has promoted the modern transition of Chinese literature. In addition, this text has explored the words of colonizing that the national character thought in terms of difference between the conception of collective and individual, seen from subjects who controlling two kinds of the words of national character --Missionary and Chinese intellectual who carries on the national character criticism -- under their national character words is the objective difference of two culture's conception of collective and individual, so we can't rashly assert it as the colonialism words .Chapter two explored the relationship between the national character thought of modern period and Chinese literature. The modern transition of national character thought and Chinese literature were all started in modern period. This chapter has mainly explored the characteristic of national character thought that "collective is important and individual is unimportant" of Sun Yat-sen (representative of revolutionary group) and Liang Qichao(representative of reformists),then expounds all sorts of influence of their thoughts on modern literature. Liang Qichao's national character thought had embodied characteristic of " collective is important and individual is unimportant ". First of all, he realized that china only substitutes the original feudal autocratic monarchy with the modern national country of the western democracy type could it organize and condense the whole nation's strength to save the nation from subjugation and ensure its survival and contends with the west, so his national character thought was launched around the reconstruction of collective organizational form. His national character thought regarded it as starting point and home. Secondly, as the awareness of modern Chinese strong crisis and the deep influence of traditional culture thought and knowing western culture superficiality, he had not paid enough attention to the individual's freedom and right. However, he hadcertain understanding on the individual of politics type which directly correlated with western culture, So naturally pregnant in its national character thought was the rudiment of the values of individual standard. Liang Qichao's national character thought promoted and influenced his literature movement. In order to reach the political goal of Enlightenment, he has changed the poetic prose form of traditional literature, and instead of such literature forms as novel type, vernacular type which suitable for the modern society, etc. Liang Qichao's deep understanding on the characteristic of novel artistic probably could lead to the " literature is human study", but it had left the regret because of the influence of his national character thought. The national character thoughts of revolutionary representatives Sun Yat-sen , Zou Rong etc. Keeping the same with understanding of national character thoughts of reformists, the characteristic that " collective is important and individual is unimportant " also existed in their national character thoughts. At the beginning of the 20th century their introspection ideological trend of national character and the characteristic that " collective is important and individual is unimportant" had potentially influenced the literature before the May Fourth literature Movement. Late Qing novel reflect that society in many aspects, criticism national character became one general theme. Look from the whole, though the theme of the literary creation included certain social modernity meaning, but it had not embody the basic speciality of modern " literature is human study". At that time, such modern theory ideas of literature of Wang Guowei , brothers Zhou, etc. are treated coldly, it had difficult to influence the practice of creating.Chapter three explored the relationship between national character thought of colleagues of "new young man" and Chinese literature. Before and after the May Fourth Movement, historical lesson of the 1911 Revolution and resultant of study abroad forces promoted the ideological trend of national character to the platform of history again after a phase of low tide since the latter stage of Qing Dynasty, and it made new progress. Individualism became the key value of the national character ideological trend of May Fourth Movement. Colleagues of "new young man" werethere representatives. They regarded this as weapon, systematic criticize feudal autocratic monarchy, feudal culture system and traditional strength which constrain individual character. The national character thought of the May Fourth Movement went still one step further more than the modern national character thought, it had touched the culture of " small group " (family), but its economic base and social institutional framework that relied on have no change. National character individualism spirit received the support in the new-type knowledge class, but in wider realistic society, it is still deeply suppressed under the family social organizational form and ideology, culture. The individual character spirit recommended in the national character thought of the May Fourth Movement, had deep influence on the activity of literature creations. This reflects two major characteristics of the May Fourth literature Movement, first, the self- awakening and publicizing of the individual character. After the self- consciousness of the May Fourth Movement was awakened, the personal emotion was led off freely, it became the general motive of writer's creation at that time. Among literature works," oneself " image appeared in a large amount, and embodied relevant characteristics too. Another characteristic is the ideal illusions of individual character spirit under the following heavy and realistic oppressions. From rational to the perceptual awakening writer, they could not obtain echo in the works, they only felt more oppressiveness and grief in the iron room. New-vernacular literature taking individual character spirit as characteristic, it became the ebbed tide quickly. The May Fourth Movement period, Chen Duxiu , etc. had fallen into the contradiction between the utility idea of literature and conscientious idea of literature, on one hand they hope to establish the conscientious literature noumenal idea, on the other hand, the historical important task of culture enlightenment also expect the contemporary modern thought could be contained in new-vernacular literature, make it become the tool of enlightenment. A lot of people of them inclined to the latter, it is the result under deep influence of this social utility purport of modernity included in the national character of thought. But literature began to go on the independent road after pursuing and wakening by themodernity of national character.Chapter four explored the relationship between national character thought of brothers Zhou and the literature. Lu Xun and Zhou Zuoren are important writers who advanced the modern transition of Chinese literature, national character thinking was their original motive of literature activity, it also determined their literature achievements. This text shows that there existed two relationships between collective and individual in Lu Xun's national character thought, one is implicit, the other is apparent. The implicit concept is "human-human country " which Lu Xun formed in early days," human" and "human country " all have the lofty ideals and unreal colors, but as the value measure of realistic society, it perpetually existed in Lu Xun's national character thought, it became the value standard of Lu Xun who consider the realistic relationship between collective and individual. The apparent is more complicated, according to the criticism content of national character in Lu Xun's works, there are three relation modes, including unawakened individual were ate up, individual of awareness were ate by old group and " individual and group " mode. Zhou Zuoren's early literature view also had the contradiction of conscientious noumenal idea and utility idea, he tried to overcome the contradiction and established the blow flag of" human literature " in the May Fourth Movement, he recommended literature view of personal standard, on one hand from national enlightenment angle to call humanity, it had echoed the thought revolution of the New Culture Movement of the May Fourth Movement, had the important significance of social utility, on the other the literature view of personal standard actually implied that the independence of literature in writer's personal hands , it had also safeguarded the foothold of one's own independence of literature. After the May Fourth Movement tide ebbed, he had felt desperate for the national enlightenment, he returned to himself, went on with literature way of self-expression, and isolated the reality, it also reflected individual standard values in national character thought had prerequisite function of literature moved towards its noumenon. And though Lu Xun had felt desperate for national enlightenment, on the basis of adhering to one's own individual character andliterature artistry, he still showed loving care for national future. In front of the despair of national enlightenment, one chose the escape of literature noumenon, the other chose bear the agony of literature utility, therefore the enormous contrast of the appraisal that the two people obtained were far-reaching.Chapter five probed into the reason why national character thought subdued in the literature and the literature characteristic formation of May Fourth Movement. After the May Fourth New Culture Movement tide ebbed, the latent various kinds of literature orientation in the literature revolutionary split up, one is as the utility idea orientation of social revolution, its represent sects are revolutionary literature, left wing literature and liberated area literature, one is a literature orientation of the liberalism group. Orientation of literature taking national character criticism as the theme represented by Lu Xun , Hu Feng, etc., they had consciousness of bear reality and respect the independence of literary subject, but it can't be admitted by literature camp of the two poles. Though it is "fellow traveler" of social revolutionary literature, but individual standard values in national character thought constantly produce the discord with the collective standard values of social revolutionary group, thus they gradually retired to the backstage of history. Few writers as Lao She also paied close attention to national character issue, it was no longer regard transformation of national character as a part of promoting social macroscopical change, so it could not form great trend. This chapter still started with the regularity of the whole change course of conception of collective and individual in the national character thought to probe into the reason why the continuously transient distinct characteristic of the new-vernacular literature taking individualism spirit as leading factor was formed in the mainstream of May Fourth literary Movement. From the conception of collective and individual, pointing out that Chinese national character thought cares the nationality under the collective organizational form - so regards national organizational form as its note purpose center, personal settlement and cognition also changes around with this. The individualism which influence new-vernacular literature in May Fourth period had not roots and suspending, and history development need not this tool, new-vernacularliterature can only check and stay in the memory of history with its brief brilliance.The conclusion explored the development course of conception of collective and individual from the macroscopical vision of Chinese and Western civilization, culture, literature, sum up national character thought which on the conception of collective and individual make the whole course and concrete characteristic of modern transition as it influence Chinese literature. And points out, the national character thought includes two great historical themes: enlightenment and saving the nation from extinction, the national character thought links them together organically. Meanwhile in the changes of conception of collective and individual, the conclusion displayed the concrete relation and characteristic of enlightenment or saving the nation from extinction, they had a great influence on literature. It has certain function of overcoming as to explore the careless characteristic of literature emerging with the historical view of the double variation.