The Rise Of The Northern Group (1895-1911),

Scientifically studying the growing-up and colony of Beiyang Group in the early days, this is a very serious, needing deepening, and more difficult academia problem, and it is a weakness tache on studying Beiyang Group. Historical materialism and modernization as the dissertation instruct, the early activities of Beiyang Group as its reviewing object, it deeply studies the rise of Beiyang Group. Beiyang Group grows up in the new deal period of the Qing Dynasty in 20th century, and lays its foundation in the military affairs reform post-Jiawu War. The forming team in way station training provides cadre condition for the growing-up of Beiyang Group. The excellent achievements of way station training are a sign of Chinese army modernization. The success of training origins from Yuang shi-kai and his team together efforts. According to "Obeying Allocution Carefully Drafting Pieces and Affairs Copy" (unpublished) in the First Historical Archives Museum of China and "Way Station Barracks Affairs Notes" (unpublished) in Modern History Studying School Library of China Academy of the Social Science, etc., the dissertation reviews the thoughts of Yuan Shi-kai, esp. military affairs thoughts, analyzes the parentage, experience, education backgrounds of the members of way station team, and members organizational structure, studies how Yuan Shi-kai mobilizes and organizes way station team. The Yihetuan Movement, Eight Joining Army Invading China and Yuang Shi-kai appointed as Shandong governor provides chance for the growing-up of Beiyang Group, Yuang Shi-kai, whose back force is new army, maneuvers among various political groupings, deals with various complicated relations. During the unusual political background of some provinces erosion in North China and Beijing and Tianjing falling, Yuan Shi-kai insures Shandong province stability, wins political reputation, regarded highly by domestic and foreign countries, so he holds over Zhili governor and Beiyang Minister. Yuan Shi-kai vigorously carries out new deal in Beiyang, which lays an initial foundation for regional modernization of Zhili. Beiyang new deal force is great and its effects are marked, whose scopes include military affaires, police affaires, judicatory, industry, education, local autonomy and city construct. So, it becomes a model of all country, is imitated by every province, and directly affects development of national new deal. The dissertation carefully depicts the initial stage of Beiyang regional modernization, sums up some characteristics. During Beiyang new deal, becides Yuang Shi-kai's base—way station team, he abroad absorbs persons with ability in politics, foreign affairs, economics and education and so on, as a result, which forms a military and political group with giant force, Beiyang Group formally...