Staging. Three Generations To The Han Dynasty Jade And Jade System

Three Dynasties (the Xia Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty) and Han china were the stage of the jade tradition was from emergence, development to maturation in China, which was the most significant period at the development of Chinese ancient jade. In Han China, jades were made a mystery to a climax. After that, jade appeared the realistic style. At the same time, no matter use criterion of jades and the modeling, the ornamental design, the skill and so on, they reached a new goal from three Dynasties to Han China after the pre-Han jades.Most of jades were from tombs, especially tombs of princes under an emperor. So, if we want to understand jades of the ancient China, we should find out jades in tombs, especially dukes under an emperor. In recent years, many scholars have studied jades of three Dynasties to Han China and have done many works, including name, function, use criterion etc. But as a whole, to study jades of this stage systematically that is few. The accepted scholastic traditions, but a new approach of study, namely the archaeological and documental approach do not bind this paper.The article consists of five parts as following.The preface discusses the theatrical meaning and aim of the paper.The first chapter introduces the archaeological condition for the jades of from three Dynasties to Han China. In view of discusses use criterion and styles of art later, so when the paper introduces the unearthed jades from the graves and the sites, it includes variety, unearthed position, but also the dates of tombs, occupant of a tomb and so on.The second chapter analyses them by the typology of archaeology and studies them by stages. It has four sections: Section One is to study typical jades with archaeological typology. By the way, the typical jades are choused by their development must be continuity. With those reasons, the article chooses twelve varieties: jade tablet with a pointed(璋), jade poleax(戈), jade hook weapon(戚), handle-like jade articles(柄形器), jade cong(琮), jade jue (玦), jade bi (壁), jade Huang(璜), jade dragon(龙), jade person (人), jade she-pendant ( 韘形偑), combinatorial string of jade articles (组合串饰), towel studded with jade articles(缀玉幎目), jade clothing(衣), jade Wo(手握), jade pillow and so on. Section Two studies designs on jades by putting into differentcategories. These designs were divided into two varieties: decorative pattern and independent pattern, because of grasping the overall development of jade pattern from three Dynasties to Han. On the basis of Section One and Two, Section Three divides jade articles from three Dynasties to Han into ten groups by typical jades and patterns. In the light of the dates of tombs and remains, we can find the earlier date and the later date of each group, by which, jades from three Dynasties to Han are divided into ten stages preliminarily: from the Xia Dynasty to earlier stage of the Shang Dynasty, later stage of the Shang Dynasty, from the end of the Shang Dynasty to earlier stage of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, from later stage of Western Zhou Dynasty to earlier stage of the Spring and Autumn Period, the middle and the later of the Spring and Autumn Period, the earlier and the middle of the Warring States, from later stage of the Warring States to earlier stage of the Western Han Dynasty, the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, from later stage of the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty. The forth section discusses art style of jade articles. If understanding the art style in a period, we should find mainly out modeling, variety, design and so on. On the basis of analyzing and studying typical jade articles and patterns in Chapter Two, Section One and Two, Section Four makes a summary of art styles of jade articles in the light often periods divided in Chapter Two, Section Three.The third chapter tries to discuss three use criterions on the view of unearthed position, varieties and coexists and so on of jade articles from three Dynasties to Han China. Use criterion includes varieties, functions, social estate, use method and so on, and if to understand that, there are two channels: one is historical document, anther is archaeological unearthed conditions that consist of varieties and unearthed positions of jades in tombs and remaining from three Dynasties to Han China. There are three sections. Section One sums up archaeological unearthed conditions of every period in three Dynasties and Qin-Han China. Because the historical condition of each period is different, in this section, concrete conditions are made by a concrete analysis. Section Two summarizes use criterion of jades from three Dynasties to Han China. On the basis of Section One, there sum up use criterion of jades of each historical period, because of generally speaking, many people thinking in the light of historical installment. So making a approximately comprehension for use criterion of jades is a transition to detailed expound three use criterion for example sacrificial criterion of jades, pendantcriterion of jades, burial criterion of jades in next section. Section Three detailed discusses three use criterions of jades: sacrificial criterion of jades, pendant criterion of jades, and burial criterion of jades. It looks on three use criterions of jades as three thread of use jade history from three Dynasties to Han China, which is to annotate the pole of Chinese ancient jade in the development of social ideology. On the basis of the first three chapters, especially Chapter Two and Chapter Three, Chapter Four discusses some questions that are from pre-Qin books and records. Firstly, it measures the use criterions of jades from The Book of Rites and explanations, which were done by later ages, by the use criterions of jades summarized by archaeological unearthed jade articles. Secondly, the question relates to handle-like jade articles. Their appearances were very sudden in the Ri litou(—M.zk) remains on the surface. Some scholars considered handle-like jade articles' predecessor have been awl-like jade articles spreading around in Liang-Zhu and Long-Shan civilizations, but which is short of good grounds. So the question for the predecessor of handle-like jade articles wish to be awaited by archaeological findings in the future. Here, on the view of the unearthed conditions of handle-like jade articles, through their number, modeling, pattern, coexist and so on, the paper combs out the mainly condition for the development of them. Then it discusses briefly handle-like jade articles' function that was disputed continuously in academic circles.