Research On "earth Power" In The Spring And Autumn Period Of The Western Zhou Dynasty

The term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)is found in the early literatures.It is the meaning of It is the meaning of"affairs concerned soils"which should be explained"engineering construction concerning soil and wood"in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period.It refers to large-scale projects that public authorities have launched for some purposes by motivating civilians.The term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)consists of two interrelated systems.The one side is"water control",including flood control,river management,shipping projects,and large-scale farmland water conservancy built by public authorities.The other side is"urban construction",including the construction of cities,the palace,the garden,the platforms,which have the relationship of inclusion,as well as building roads and building bridges.After systematically defining the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period,it is possible to map out the activities of the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)recorded in literatures of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period.Although the previous researches are relatively abundant,there is still some aspects for further exploration.First,the evidences of determining the time of the activities of the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)in the Western Zhou Dynasty is relatively simple.Second,the academic circles have deepened their research on the problem of cities,but they are not paying enough attention to the construction of gardens,gates,bridges,roads and so forth.Moreover,some errors and ambiguities in the activities of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)contained in the literatures still need to be examined.For instance,the time recording in the Records about the Zhou Dynasty in Historical Records(《史记·周本纪》)of the building of the capital of Feng Yi(丰邑)by King of Zhou Wen(周文王).The construction of the capital of Haojing(镐京)was by King of Zhou Wen(周文王)and King of Zhou Wu(周武王).The construction time of the Platform of Ling(灵台)and the Garden of Ling(灵囿)may not be fixed.The properties the term of"Kang Gong"(康功)and the term of"Tian Gong"(田功)in the Book of Documents(《尚书》)are different.The span of time for the construction of the capital of Chengzhou Luoyi(成周洛邑)is 7 years.The meaning of"building of The Temple of Gaoyu"(高圉)in the Bamboo Annals in Inherited edition(《今本竹书纪年》)is actually reestablishing it.The site of the capital of Lu selected by Zhou Gong(周公)in the chapter of Zhigong in Shuoyuan(《说苑·至公》)is not the city of Qufu,it is the city of Yancheng(奄城).The inscription of the bronze of about 28 years of Juegong Gui(《公簋》)has little impact on the time of the building of beautiful courts by Marquis Jin(晋侯).The inscription of"building courts"(“为宫”)in four bronzes belonged to Lushu(“鲁叔四器”)is an integral part of the reckless establishment of the city of Qufu.The residence of King of Zhou in the inscription of the bronze of Zhong Yan(《中甗》)serves as the military fortress.The purpose of strengthening the cities of Qi by Zhong Shanfu(仲山甫)is preventing the invasion of Huaiyi(淮夷).The inscriptions in the bronze of"Yong Bo Ding"(《雍伯鼎》)are improperly interpreted as"Yong Bo is granted the map by King of Zhou who locates in the palaceof You Wei".The time of building Temple of Fu(鄜畤)might be at 755BC.It takes five years to build the construction of the Palaces of Zhanghua(章华宫)by state of Chu.The time of building Treasury Chang(长府)contained in The Analects of Confucius(《论语》)might be 517BC or 516BC.Among the many officers who are related to the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”),the officer of Si Kong(司空)is the full-time officer who is in charge of the activities of the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”).There is spare research in the term of system and obligation of the officer of Si Kong(司空).During the Western Zhou Dynasty,the officer of Si Kong(司空)gradually became systematic in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty.The officers of Si Kong(司空)in the system of central officers in the Western Zhou Dynasty includes the officer of Da Si Kong(大司空)——the officer of Si Kong(司空)/the officer of Si Kong(司空)in location,and there are advanced low-level differences in important areas of local vacancies such as Zheng(郑)and Zhou(周).This system of the officer of Si Kong(司空)is a ubiquitous in the cultural circle of Zhou Dynasty,and basically extended to the majority of vassal states in the Spring and Autumn Period.There are two officers closely related to the officer of Da Si Kong(大司空)—the officer of Gong Zheng(工正)and Jiang Shi(匠氏),except for the officer of Xiao Si Kong(小司空).The officer of Gong Zheng(工正)closely associated with the military belongs to the officer of Da Si Ma(大司马)while the artisans who are obligation for the constructions belonged to the officer of Jiang Shi(匠氏)which still affiliates the officer of Da Si Kong(大司空).In terms of responsibilities of the officer of Si Kong(司空),all kinds of the officer of Si Kong(司空)in the West Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period are responsible for constructions of engineering.The inscriptions of bronzes in Western Zhou Dynasty indicates that the officer of Si Kong(司空)always engage in the issues of transaction of soils,which does not because the duty of officer of Si Kong(司空)is managing soils but the officer of Si Kong(司空)owes a serials of methods of soils planning.The property of responsibility includes both civil and military because property of officials don`t divide into clerical officers and military officers during the West Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period.The officer of Da Si Kong(大司空)has mastered some of the rights that the officer of ordinary Si Kong(普通司空)does not possess rights.These rights can be summarized as the right of military dominance and diplomacy alliance according to the records of The Tso Chuan(《左传》).Besides,the officer of Da Si Kong(大司空)also has jurisdiction.Because there is no full-time judicial officer in the Western Zhou Dynasty,the judicial power of the officer of Da Si Kong(大司空)covered civil and criminal matters.In the Spring and Autumn Period,it is limited to civil affairs due to the appearance of the officer of Si Kou(司寇)and the officer of Shi Shi(士师).These are all related to the understanding of the role played by the different levels of officers of Si Kong(司空)in the activities of the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)during the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period in.Therefore,it must be distinguished.After the study of the activities and the officers of the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period,the characteristics of the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)during the two periods can be summarized.The term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)of the Western Zhou Dynasty was centeredon mostly military engineering,and surrounded the King Zhou,and closely related to the system of Clan Law.These characteristics are inseparable from the characteristics of the period of the powerful monarchy,military colonization,and the prosperity of the system of Clan Law.In the Spring and Autumn Period,the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)was mainly based on the construction of the city,highlighting the idea of agriculture attention and engineering caution The initiator of project changed from King Zhou to princes and courtier.The role of the officer of Si Kong(司空)was more clear.These characteristics are related to the battles of the countries during the Spring and Autumn Period,the downward of political rights and the rise of the"democracy"trend of thought and other characteristics of the period.It can be seen that the characteristics of the term of"Tu Gong"(“土功”)in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period are closely related to the social characteristics of the two eras.