The Establishment Of Ci In The Background Of Shi

The first part of this thesis discusses how Shi impacts the establishment of the intellectuality's Ci in the middle and late Tang dynasty.In the middle of Tang dynasty, Shi evolved rapidly. Poets made a lot of important breakthroughs. They borrowed from other literary forms, put new elements into poetics, and focused on certain aspects and branches. New poem forms were created and many of Ci's key elements started to appear during this period of time."Replying writing" was popular in the middle of Tang, not only because the number of works grew greatly, but also because the authoring conceptions and the poetic characteristics were developing quickly at that time. During the series of evolvement, certain replying writings came to be the seedbed of Ci.Li He's Shi was considered highly related with Ci. His works has two different qualities, sleight and gaudy. The sleight quality was imitated by later Shi writers who loved to be different and fantastic, and the gaudy quality was taken as examples by later Ci writers.The forms of Ci adopted in the middle of Tang were limited. Most of the forms were single tune with aligned characters. The forms were close to the metrical pattern poetries and the styles were similar to their five and seven character poems. From the authors' point of view, the boundaries of Shi and Ci were hard to tell at that time.The second part of this thesis talks about the creation of the forms of Ci during the late of Tang dynasty, in the background of Shi.The poets in the late of Tang were good at the metrical pattern poetries. They pursued the beauty of the forms. Among them, Wen and Li had a style of voluptuousness, and the modishness of their works became a major premise of the appearance of Ci. And during the late of Tang, the poets contacted flossy frequently, which provided the media of Ci's spreading. Moreover, the poets themselves were ready for Ci, in that they started to show the quality of delicacy and they also had a good mastery of music.Both the works of Wen Ting-Yun and Li Shang-Yin have the beauty of effeminacy, which had a great impact on the styles of Ci. Classifying their works into ancient poetries and metrical pattern poetries, there are only a few of Li Shang-Yin's ancient poems and most of them tend to be obscure, while Wen Ting-Yun's ancient poems, on the contrary, are more fluent and gorgeous, and are quite similar to his Ci...