Study On Nixiada's "Introjection And Innovation Philosophy"

Nixiada Kitaro (1870—1945) is the most influential philosopher in modern Japan. He research philosophy for all his life. After half a century's dogged and elaborated thinking, he founded a voluminous philosophy system, which is called"Xitain Philosophy". Xitain Philosophy is a combination of oriental philosophy and western philosophy. Influenced by Marxism Philosophy, it is the best representative of modern bourgeois philosophy. Nixiada is named"initial original philosopher". Xitain Philosophy is the highest achievements Japan bourgeois philosophy can gain. Nixiada is not in the shade of the world-class thinkers in the world wide. Nixiada Kitaro has been selected into Collection of 20th Century Thinkers.I IntroductionAfter half a century's thinking, Nixiada created a unique philosophy combined oriental philosophy and western philosophy. He correctly saw that there was a medium between pure substance, pure objectiveness, pure being and pure subjectiveness, pure self, pure consciousness and classified it as"pure experience","situation","logic of none"and"dialectics world". This exploration is precious. We should fully affirmed it and absorb it into modern philosophy study.However, his problem is the denial of the objective reality and primary of pure substance, pure objectiveness and pure being and retreat to idealism. But it is not the idealism in general meaning but a special idealism. He put"pure experience"as the primary which is different from the idealism of pure consciousness. Many scholars confused Xitain Philosophy with general idealism philosophy that is put pure self, pure consciousness and pure subjectiveness as the primary. Nixiada put"pure experience"as the primary and put"subject-object unity"and"non-dividing of subject and object"of"pure experience"as the origin of philosophy.II Resource—Combination of Oriental and Western Philosophy Western and oriental philosophy offered abundant thinking materials for Xitain Philosophy, especially classical idealism philosophy of Germany and oriental Buddhism thoughts which composed the main theory resource of Xitain Philosophy. Xitain Philosophy was also influenced by Marxism Philosophy. During Nixiada's whole life he had never left Japan and never seen any master of modern western philosophy, but Nixiada was the one who has the widest and deepest research in western philosophy among Japan prewar philosophers. Nixiada has a deep study in ancient western philosophers: Plato, Aristotle and Augustine and modern philosophers: Descartes, Leibnitz, Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegal and so on. Afterward he studied James, Green's work, New-Kantian, phenomenologist school and Divinity. Those philosophers had different influence in the process of Xitain Philosophy's Formation. Among them Idealism of Germany influenced most.When Nixiada conceived concept of"pure experience", he referred to Hegal's Absolute Idea, imitated Schelling's"Absolute Identity", was inspired by James'"Religious Experience"and"Fundamental Experience", Dilthey's"Inner Experience"and Mach and Avenarius'"Pure Experience"and borrowed some meanings in them.Nixiada held Husserl's"Field of Consciousness"as"situation"and considered"Intentionality of Consciousness"as the effect of situation where"reflecting oneself in oneself". Nixiada's Problem of Conscious and Art and Morality contained specified experience analysis no less than phenomenology of Husserl.Xitain Philosophy was deeply influenced by oriental Buddhism thoughts. Nixiada agreed with Tiantai Sect's conception of world"all manifestations of nature in one thought"and Huayan Sect's conception of world"equating the One with its parts and all its parts with the One". Nixiada's"pure experience"in fact is based on the mental status and experience in Buddhism's"deep meditation"and"Za-zen".Nixiada introduced in"None"of oriental thoughts such as Buddhism and Taoism. He agreed with creating something from nothing and opposed Hegal's"creating nothing from something". Nixiada's"self"was neither something nor nothing, but the"absolute none"which is beyond something and nothing. Nixiada changed the"self"concept of modern philosophy. This"absolute none"is similar to the cogitative subject of Buddhism, that is"heart", and the mysterious intuitive status founded in"heart".In his late years, when Nixiada studied history and social problems from the face side, he was influenced by Marxism philosophy and tried hard to bring Marxism philosophy into his philosophy system. III Self—Pure Experience"Pure experience"is the starting point of Xitian Philosophy and the end-result of it; it is the footstone of Xitain Philosophy building and the soul of Xitain Philosophy system.Pure experience is not something pure subjective, in another word something of subjectiveness, nor something of pure objective, that is something of objectiveness and it can not be handled indirectly by analysis. It is the undifferentiated experience of subjectiveness and objectiveness and thus can only be handled from undifferentiated direct experience. So, after Nixiada's long period of exploration, he got the"pure experience"acting as the direct experience. Nixiada's"pure experience"has five characters: First,"pure experience"has the original factor. Nixiada believed that"pure experience"was something fundamental. Subjectiveness and objectiveness was formed by"pure experience"because of self-examination and division and was derivate. Second,"pure experience"has the pure quality. Nixiada said"pure experience"to be the purest nature status of real experience without thought identification and the"independent self-composed pure act. Third,"pure experience"has the direct quality. Nixiada's"pure experience"started from"apodeictic, direct knowledge"and he believed that the direct knowledge is experience. Fourth,"pure experience"has tractility. Nixiada believed that"pure experience"itself contained contradiction and difference."Pure experience"was divided and evolved in the"confliction and unification"of this contraction and difference and was the"self developed unlimited activity". Fifth,"pure experience"has the mysterious character. Nixiada generalized the experience of detaching from body and mind in"deep meditation". Nixiada's"pure experience"has no essential difference from Dhyana's realm of"no self quietness"IV Situation—Logic of NoneIn philosophy history,"situation"is an old but fresh problem and is kept exploring since the age of ancient Greek philosophy. In ancient Greek Plato's room and Aristotle's situation is its ancient form of manifestation. But this"situation"problem has almost been forgotten in western modern philosophy. In modern time, the one who brought forward"situation"as a philosophy problem and tried to realize the fundamental change of logic itself through"situation"is undoubtedly Nixiada Kitaro.Nixiada classified"situation"into three kind: situation of"existence", situation of"opposite none"and situation of"absolute none".In Kiraro's opinion, there should be deeper subjective world logic besides objective world logic. Thus he created logic of"absolute none". In order to seek for substance"to see invisible forms, and to hear soundless sound"that is deeply buried in the foundation of oriental culture, Nixiada tries every possible means to abandon all substances visible on the foundation of existence in the logics of none, and enhance all substances into the situation of none before further enhance to the situation of absolutely none, and dissolve all substances at last. Meanwhile, what is incorporated in such a situation must be one being conscious of having himself realized and reflected. In Nixiada's opinion, only simple action doer is seen in such a restricted situation of existence. However,"opposite none"is also an existence, and it is not"none"in real meaning. In its deep implication, there is the situation of absolutely none surpassing existence and none. Free will exists in the situation of absolutely none. To Nixiada's mind, the world of absolutely none is a secret visual world that surmounts the position of auto conception, language, consideration and knowledge, i.e. the world of wisdomV Image---The World of Dialectics"The world of dialectics"is the important ideology of late Xitain philosophy. In the late stage, because of the influence and stimulation of Marxism, Nixiada always stayed up late, thinking repeatedly, then connected them by the concepts, which were never used, such as"historical reality","environment","fact","behavior","absolute contradiction"as well as"the world of dialectics". He turned from"standpoint of oneself"to"standpoint of the world", thus he became an"objectivist"and"absolute positivist".To know what is"the world of dialectics", we must first make"historical reality"clear. Nixiada thinks that there is our own world apart from object world i.e. the world of"things". Only the combination of our own world and object world i.e. the subject-object united world is the intact world, the"real world". The"historical reality"is the"real world"in which we exist and live as its subject. Philosophy seeks not only the truth of the logical structure in object world, but also the truth of the"real world"in which we exist and live. The fact with consciousness and introspection i.e."historical reality"which is said by Nixiada is neither idealist's spiritual world nor materialist's material world. It seems to be something surpassing materialism and idealism. Nixiada defines"fact"as"fact of behavior". In his opinion,"true reality"i.e."fact of behavior"must contain human's conscious introspection which is human behavior with awareness, purpose and freedom. There is no"true reality"i.e."fact of behavior"without human behavior.VI Practice---Intuition of BehaviorIn the latter period of thirties, Nixiada Kitaro was influenced by Marxism. Nixiada considers practice as the development of"world of manifestation"as well as the development and"making"of"history's life". Nixiada's thoughts about practice have the following features. Firstly, practice is regarded as manifestation of history's life in essence. Secondly, in the development of dialectics of history's life, individual, as relevant existence, germinates in the making of tools. Thirdly, the making of tools soon loses technological meanings and gets stronger manifestation and creative meanings.Fourthly, making and practice are connected by the form that"we make things"and"we are made". Because self-formation of history is the center, here practice becomes a passive form. Fifthly, transcendence changes practice to be positive. To sum up, Nixiada's theory of making practice starts from the hope to make behaviors in the historical social world clear.The input is within the world and limited by the world of manifestation, so it can be regarded as the effect of our behavior. He thinks not only that our bodies have historicity, but also that history's life achieves itself through our bodies.VII Transcendence---Self-identityIf we would like to surpass Xitain philosophy, we must try to explain its secrets. Therefore, in the end, we come to the study of"self-identity of absolute contradiction". Nixiada said,"The situation has to be generality of dialectics or the world of self-identity of absolute contradiction."Nixiada regarded the cognition of self-identity of absolute contradiction as the basic principle in all fields, levels and spectacles of real world, and he attempted to use this principle in all kinds of fields, levels and spectacles.Xitain logics offers the clue to integrate Hegal's historical process of time, dialectics of process with Aristotle's subjective logics and Plato's It includes the former three, meanwhile, it surpasses in the direction"present for ever"of super-time. Nixiada supposes that this direction can take its own logic as dialectics to complete its whole process.Nixiada's situation dialectics, with self-identity of absolute contradiction as its center, is neither with original meanings nor logos of dynamic language. In Nixiada's situation dialectics, the original dialectics compulsorily make the constitution of dialectics logos.We can find important religious meanings in Xitain philosophy. The religious features of Xitain philosophy make it easy to reduce to a surpassing internal matter. Nixiada first put forward the logic of dialectics. However, dialectics was logic of language logos. Although its real deep layers can be reached by breaking the contradictions which are immobilized, it cannot become the foundation of deep knowledge. Therefore, Nixiada turned to what should be originally called the mean thought logic i.e. logic of none. Nixiada's"self-identity of absolute contradiction"is quite occult, with mysterious color.