| Since 1620,the Catholicism was spread into Shanxi.From then on the Roman Catholic Church recruited many believers,built up lots of churches,developed parts of parish.During Catholicism was spreaded in Shanxi the roles that the foreign missionaries,Chinese clergies and its believers played were important parts of Shanxi Catholic history.They respectively played important roles during the Catholicism incultured in Shanxi.Up to now,the behef of the Catholics,their rituals and their basic conditions such as their age,sex,status and economic situation were shortages of Chinese Catholic research field.Studying the policies and attitudes that Shanxi local officials towards the Catholicism and the relationship between the believers and non-believers can provide experiences and lessons for Shanxi temporary government and people,now they are building up harmonious society,these experiences and lessons can help them treat the Catholics properly.The history of the Catholicism spreaded in China was the process that it and Chinese society,culture effected each other.From the aspect of social history,with the inculturation as the center,using the thoeries of Sociology,Anthropology etc.,this dissertation put the history of the Catholicism spreaded in Shanxi from 1620 to 1949 into the local social sequence of Shanxi.It researches the roles that the foreign missionaries,Chinese clergies and its believers took themselves during Catholicism took a foothold and developed in Shanxi,the content of the Catholics' belief,their all kinds of rituals,their basic conditions and the relationship with offcials and non-believers.It aims to put the activities of Catholicism into the social and history badground of Shanxi,it aims to comprehensively treat the relationship Catholicism and local society effected each other,it aims to look it as true history of Chinese Catholicism,not the history of western Catholicism in China.This dissertation includes five chapters.The first chapter is introduction.The fifth chapter is conclusion and some future study thinkings.The other chapters are the main parts of it.Chapter Two expounds the spreading states of Catholicism in Shanxi.Firstly it studies the names,nationalities and serving periods of the missionaries and their effects.They preached in accordance with the fact of Shanxi.They were responsible for the believers' religional life.They educated the Chinese clergies,they founded charitable institutions,such as orphanages and schools etc.They were the heads and souls of Shanxi Catholic Church.They made a foundation for the inculturation of Shanxi Catholic Church.Secondly,it investigates the names,birthplaces and serving periods of the Chinese clergies and their roles.They tried their best to spread their belief.During the Catholicism forbidden period,they were the assistants,safeguards of missionaries. From 1860 on,the number of Chinese clergies increased gradually.Although they were looked down upon by the missionaries,they worked hard.Because of them, Shanxi diocese became fully self-governed,self-propagandaed from semi-propagandaed. They greatly promoted the inculturation of Shanxi Catholic Church.Thirdly,it studies the number and function that the local believers played during the Catholicism was spread in Shanxi.The catechists did the missionary work everywhere. They were the links between the Christians,catechumens and the fathers.The headmen of the Catholics were responsible for the everyday lives of the fathers.They managed the believers and organized them to have religious activities.They appealled the believers to donate their house,land,money and other things to set up churches.The believers were fruits of domestic and foreign clergies.They were also the seeds fruiting well.The women believers acted special roles.The christians acted as protectors and liaisons men of clergies when Catholicism was forbidden in China.The devout christians sent their offspring to the seminaries to study,so that they provided manpower for Shanxi Catholicism.All these denoted the christians tried their best to self-propaganda,to self-support.They were the main force that Shanxi Catholic Church went to inculturation.Chapter Three dicusses Shanxi Catholics with the theory of Chinese-centered. From late Ming dynasty,the beginning of the Catholicism was spreaded in Shanxi on, Catholicism combined itself with local custom,culture.It successfully realized part-inculturation in Shanxi.In late Ming,the upper-class Catholics united Catholicism with Confucianism.The lower-class regarded it as substitute of Buddhism,Daoism and Folk Religion.Since Catholicism forbidden,Catholicism gradually united itself with the Folk Religion.Many Catholics' belief motives were requesting well-being,taking away disasters.Their Catholic belief had changed.At first,they carried out all the Chinese rituals.After the Chinese rituals were forbidden,the Catholics gave up the Chinese rituals under the missionaries'supervise.The Catholics added some local rituals into the Catholic rituals.In Catholicism forbidden period, the Catholics had to give up formal rituals,and simplified it into reading doctrines After 1860,Catholicism was mainly propagandaed in rural country.Many Catholics' belief motives were the same as the non-believers who believed the Folk Religion.The Catholics and missionaries spent the Chinese traditional festivals,they carried out local life rituals.From the aspect of propagation,Catholicism were incultured deeply.Just because of these,Catholicism could be merged into local society on the whole.Generally in modern Shanxi,the Christians belonged to lower-class,their social,economic status was almost equal with the other common people.Among them,the elders,wemen,children took a big proportion.The robust young men were fewer.Chapter Four studies the relationship with the officials and non-believers.In late Ming,Shanxi officials supported the missionaries spreading Catholicism.This promoted the upper-class contacted with the missionaries from another direction.So Catholicism could be mixed with Confucianism.In early Qing,the local officials basically didn't make difficult with the missionaries.Some of them supported Catholicism.During Catholicism forbidden period,Shanxi officials forbade missionaries spreading Catholicism.They forced the Christians to give up their religion.But they weren't so active as the officials in other provinces.But from then on,Catholicism were merged with folk tradition.After 1860,although Catholicism became legal,it was regarded as heresy,it was refused by the upper-class.Catholicism had to continue to remain their sight on rural country.After 1900,the missionaries contacted with the local officials much more before.But they didn't consider to combined Catholicism with Chinese main thought.The lower-class Catholics hadn't the thought,furtherly,they didn't have the ability.The Catholicism had to remain to merge with Folk Religion.The inculturing Catholicism had been merged into local society on the whole. Shanxi Catholic Church held some causes for the people's livelihood.The christians hadn't many great collisions with the non-believers.So in many places the believers got well along with the non-believers.If the Catholics were looked down upon because of their belief,they would move to remote mountains to hold on their belief. In this way the Catholics lived on by themselves,and they didn't get along with non-believers.This estranging relationship mainly existed in Taiyuan district,it was seldom found in other district.Although the Catholics weren't understood by others, they didn't have great contraditions with the non-believers,let alone great collisions. After 1860,it took place more than 10 civil disputes between believers and non-believers.Most of them were economic disputes.They weren't brought out by different believes.In most of the disputes,the Catholics were victims.That was to say the Catholics didn't frame non-believers.But in the disputes happened after 1900,the non-believers were damaged parts.The Catholics tetaliated the non-believers because of the damadges they had suffered in 1900.
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