On The "Pre-Obscure Poems" In 1960-70s

The main focus of this dissertation is the marginal poetry in Beijing from 1960s to 1970s. The "pre-obscure poems" is different from the previous "Underground Salon" and the "Folk Poetry". It puts more emphasis on the historical and artistic contact with obscure poems. This dissertation can be divided into two parts, the first half mainly focus on the historical and embryological study of the pre-obscure poems, including the historical background, the social environment, the family influence, the friends, the emotional experience, the individual orientation and so on. The second half is cultural and esthetical analysis of the pre-obscure poems. It studies the poets and their poetry from the following aspects: the characteristics of the text, aesthetics, the cultural and the political connotations, and gives a position of the pre-obscure poems in the evolution of Chinese modern poetry.The first three chapters are mainly about some of the major groups of the pre-obscure poems in that period of time. Chapter 1 is about the "X Group" and the "Sun Team" in the earlier period of the 1960s, the major poets are Guo Shiying, Zhang Heci, and Zhang Langlang and so on. Chapter 2 is about the poetry activity of the "educated youth" and "Baiyangdian Poetry Group", the representatives are Xu Haoyuan, Lu Shuanqin, Yi Qun, Gen Zi, Duo Duo, Song Haiquan, Lin Mang, Jiang He. Chaper 3 pays attention to the journal "Today" and its poetry group, whose members include Bei Dao, Mang Ke, Zhao Yifan, Zhao Meiying, E Fuming, Xu Xiao etc. These three chapters mainly concerns to seek the historical "sound" and restores the historical "details" to its origin through the interview record, and to discover its intrinsic social texture and the existential condition of poetry in the gleam of these materials. Chapter 4 is a summary of the first half of this dissertation. The cultural specialties of the pre-obscure poems are discussed here. First is the embryological investigation: the macro-environmental aspects include the social pressure, the confusion, and freedom; the micro-environmental aspects include the absence of family control and the mutual influence among circle members; the individual aspects include exile, youth fervor and rebel. Next is the discussion of the space of the subculture: the characteristic of the "youth subculture", the cultural choice of modernism, the preserves of the "human" factor, such as the human nature, humanitarianism, individuals and so on.The fifth chapter to the seventh chapter is a specialized study on the poets of the pre-obscure poems. Chapter 5 discusses the "two" Shi Zhi's phenomenon from the aspects of the crevasse and the conflict between the red mainstream culture and the individual words; it points out the unavoidable split and the compatibility between the "future trusting" faith and the new classical writing style's with the "Window Aesthetics". The sixth chapter discuss four representatives of the "Baiyangdian poetry group": Gen Zi's "the unfaltering revolt", "the doomsday complex", the "inspiration of the face straight", the absurd situation; Duo Duo's curse to the present life, the imagination to the foreign land, the emphasis on the "craftsmanship"; Jiang He's heroic mood, the care for the society, the call for the "human", the rational express of feelings; Lin Mang's transformation from simplicity to complex, the realistic and romantically to modern as well as the "classical mood", "classical esthetics". The seventh chapter discusses two of the representative poets Bei Dao and Mang Ke of the journal"Today". Bei Dao's suspicion and revolt, the alliteration words of "individual" and "revolution", as well as the transformation of the poem skills from "romantic" to "modern". As "the son of nature" Mang Ke's "Oedipus Complex", "earth worship", soul writing and the renewal to poetry language. The eighth chapter is the synthesis elaboration part. It discusses the relationship between the pre-obscure poems and the transformation of the Chinese contemporary poetry, it points out the infiltrate, the coexistence, the complex entanglement of the pre-obscure poems and the red mainstream poetry. as well as the important connection and distant echoes between the pre-obscure poems and the influence of western literature, particularly modern western literature. The pre-obscure poems inherited the tradition of the Chinese modern poetry and rendered huge influence after it. It formed an organic part in the history of Chinese modern poetry.The epilogue of this dissertation expands to the topic of narration in literature history that is related to the pre-obscure poems, and launches certain reconsideration and the appraisal to the several existed narrative ways in the poetry history, and seeks a more "ideal" way of narration in the poetry history.