Cityscape And Literature

This dissertation aims to discourse upon the relationship between Luoyang city, including public architectural sights and private architectural sights in Luoyang city in Tang Dynasty, and Tang poems.This dissertation is organized in two parts. The first part analyzes the above-mentioned relationship with typical architectural sights inside the city. One of the typical architectural sights is"Luoyang Roads"("Luoyang Bridges") in both overall and detailed sense."Luoyang Road"has been an image with special significance and appeared in the art production of scholars from time immemorial. It includes many images appeared in poems such as luxurious carriages, paladins, beauties, nobilities, gorgeous songs and so on which displayed many aspects about the city life closely. It also stands for the city's typical characteristics. It was the same case in Tang Dynasty. It was a location sight that comprehensively laid out townsmen's life. The first standpoint investigating Luoyang architectural sights is"Luoyang Roads"outside which were land ways and waterways from all sides of outside the city. These"Luoyang Roads"led Tang people with different desires and aims to the desire city at the end of the"Luoyang Roads", because the"Desire city"has the outstanding advantage of economy and politics in terms of its good location. Beyond the prosperous and gorgeous city images were many kinds of targets that people with all kinds of desires might reach. In this city people from all parts of the country had opportunities to reach their goals and made big success. So phenomenon that many people struggled expressed varied . Certainly this place could not meet all people's desires, so some frustrated people had to leave this city along these"Luoyang Roads"eventually. Among them there were some who didn't make any success, while there were also some frustrated officials who had been somewhat successful but they were demoted on the half way. These"Luoyang Roads"that connected desires still were in an endless stream, which can refract the thoughtful world of Tang people.The second standpoint is"Luoyang Roads"inside the city where there are main life scenes. They were public architectures inside the city that connected citizens from all works of life and became the main scene inside the city. The dissertation discusses three main bridges——Tianjin Bridge, Middle Bridge, Floating Bridge that were above Luo River and connected northern and southern districts of Luoyang. Among them Tianjin Bridge, located in the central axis of the city, was the most famous. These bridges not only exhibited the different aspects of city life but also became a symbol that indicated the city's ups and downs.The second sight of typical architecture in Luoyang is"Luoyang Palaces"inside the city and in"Luoyang city circle"."Shang Yang Palace"in the partial northwest of the city was a - typical architectural sight, often regarded as"twins"together with Tianjin Bridge nearby."Shang Yang Palace"was the main palace architecture in Luoyang city in Tang Dynasty. Because it was located in the west of emperor district, facing Luo River, citizens in Waiguo district and people in the dynasty who came to Luoyang city could often see the beautiful appearance."Shang Yang Palace"by poets with romantic imaginations became one of the main images in Tang poems with its gorgeous building style Whether emperors chose this city as the capital and stayed here or not decided the ups and downs of the city. The poems about"Shang yang Palace"not only exhibit the changes of its ownbut also reflect the changes of the city and the dynasty.Both Luoyang and Chang'an were capitals till the rein of Xuanzong in Tang dynasty. Several emperors in Tang dynasty traveled between these two cities, leading to many imperial palaces built along the way. In Tang dynasty these imperial palaces and Luoyang belonged to Henan Dao(it means a province in the dynasty). They had been regarded as an organic part of Luoyang in Tang people's mind. In this dissertation, they are considered part of"Luoyang Palaces"under the concept of"City Circle". These imperial palaces rose and fell with the change of country's fate. These palaces garnered more attention from Tang people in the middle and late Tang dynasty, when people pondered on the gloomy situation and recalled the prosperous past, because they were residual"fragments"of golden age that connected the past. Among these palaces, this dissertation selects the most famous palaces——Lanchang palace, Lianchang Palace and Xiuling palace to discuss.The third sight of typical architecture is"Luoyang Tower"in the citiy. It is also called"Five Phoenix Tower"in Tang poems and essays. There are different statements about its location in ancient literature. From the clues in Tang poems, we can estimate that it was located near the"Duan Gate"in the central axis of the city. In Tang people'opinion, this tower was not only an excellent point of viewing the city but also the right place for emperors to hold a banquet with his citizens. This kind of public architecture is closely related to the dynasty's power and political intention. It is not only used to show its country power to the dynasty's people but also foreign residents living in this international capital.The forth sight of typical architecture in Luoyang is"Luoyang Temples"inside the city and nearby. The fact that Luoyang was"Buddhist Capital"appeared in"Later Han"Dynasty. There were"Cao Wei"Dynasty,"West Jin"Dynasty,"North Wei"Dynasty,"Sui"Dynasty that located capital in Luoyang between"Later Han"Dynasty and Tang Dynasty. In the long period,so many temples in Luoyang sometimes,but only temples'Wreckages left by the differences of emperors'religions. The temples appeared with Buddhism's broadcasting from India,not only contained the extraterritorial ideology,expressed the track that the ideology has been accepted in ancient China, but also witnessed every processes of dynasties in Luoyang. Temples of Luoyang in Tang Dynasty witnessed the second peak of broadcasting Buddhism in ancient China too. The historical background was that"Zetian"Queen wanted to be a female emperor by Buddhism's power. So, in the special period, the constructions and denominations about total temples in Luoyang were related to the political affairs. But the temples in Luoyang were destroyed in"The disturbance"by"An Lu-shan"and"Shi Si-ming"and in"Wu Zong"of Middle Tang. So,temples in Luoyang were marked the heavy period's logo by the unpredictable relationship between religion and politics in Tang Dynasty and the fate of the dynasty. In addition ,Tang poets were fond of living and holding banquets in temples on account of ascendant locations and secluded atmosphere. In the activities,Tang poets produced many poems that combined religion spirit and period's feelings. So,temples of Luoyang in Tang became architectural sights containing special meanings in history of The Tang Dynasty Poetry.The significance of these typical architecture sights is that they have witnessed and experienced the fate of this city and even the age of the dynasty. From the viewpoint of"Literature can reappear city", this paper attempts to investigate the relationship between city architecture sights and city literature(poems), even the significance on this city in terms of the thought about emphasizing the poets'experience from this city in traditional city literature research.The second part of this dissertation discusses the relationship between the city and literature, the structure scene and the literature. This mainly based on the private living house structure scenery, especially the"Fensi officers"private garden of Luoyang of Tang Dynasty, then focus on the officers'literature activities.Luoyang has a rich tradition of private garden. This dissertation analyzes the history and the geography and ecology advantage of Luoyang that is the foundation of the occurring of the private garden. Tang inherits the"Fensi system"of Sui Dynasty, which is another reason for the flourishing of private garden of Tang, especially in the Luoyang in the middle and late Tang. Luoyang is the ideal city for the officers to lay off with abundant pension with the help of"Fensi system". Because they not only escape from the party conflict, but also have convenience to come back to the nearby Chang'an, the capital city. Owing to this, Luoyang once becomes the city full of leisure and free atmosphere. This unique characteristic which lasting to Song Dynasty lies in the numerous private gardens and the activities held in them by their owners accompanying by their friends. This dissertation takes four"Fensi"officers and their literature activities in their private gardens for example. These four officers are Peidu, Niu Zengru, Bai Juyi, and Li Deyu. In order to study the scheme of literature becoming the spoken man of the city, this dissertation will talk about the impacts that cities towards the buildings and people living in there with the help of a theory. This theory says that different attitude, knowledge and narration of a city have relation with people's spirit of different time and location. In this process, we can illustrate that the city is not only a place that just filled with road, buildings but a structural body of literature and culture that exists in the writing, reading and explanation of the text.These two methods that test the relationship between the city building scene and literature, in a certain point, are the different stage of the literature describes the city and literature expresses the city. And we get lots of meanings from the building of the city.