A Study Of The Exchange Of Calligraphy And The Major Calligraphy In The Late Chosun Dynasty

The Chinese calligraphy through Eternal Culture and its history is established by various developments as the independent art genre.The characters also present the writer's inner manifestation,and are defined as image art(心象藝術).The Chinese Characters widely diffused into Korea,Japan, and other countries where Chinese letters were being used and had a significant effect on development of calligraphy.Korea and China among Asian countries had the most intimate relationship with rich cultural exchanges.Korea and China contract(韓中修交) was made in 1992,calligraphers have been actively working with many efforts through the trade exhibitions in both countries.But,the calligraphy exchanges between the two countries for the academic study did not make a progress.In current situation,the field of Chinese calligraphy and collectors do not have easy access to Korean calligraphy due to the fact that the most of Chinese doctoral thesis such as a typical example of "The influence on Chosun calligraphy by Song-seol-chae(松雪體)of Zhao Meng-Fu(赵孟頫) " were written and most of the scholars disproportionately studied about Kim Jung-Hee(金正喜).The purpose of this study is to generally review the calligraphy in the C hoson period,and the exchange of calligraphy between Chosun and Qing influen ce on the major calligraphy of late Choson Dynasty.Firstly,introduce the Research object,purpose and meaning,the main contents,research methods and the innovation of this research and related materials.Chapter one is the analysis of the exchange of calligraphy and the field of calligraphy in the early Chosun Dynasty.Zhao Meng-Fu's calligraphy style dominated the field of calligraphy and had an enormous impact on the writers and other calligraphers for about 200 years since the founding of the Chosun. A Korean calligrapher Han-ho(韓濩) invented Seok-bong-chae(石峰体) for seek the essence of Wang Xi-Zhi style(王羲之體) calligraphy that is based on the Zhao Meng-Fu's calligraphy,but due to the limitations of Confucianism and sajagwan(写字官) office which he was engaged in,his calligraphy was noticeably firm and neat.As the result of this,revival of Wang Xizhi fonts did not come true and became even out of the original intent to restore the Ancient penmanship(古法).Chapter two is the analysis of political thought and aesthetic ideas in the late Choson Dynasty,and the cultural exchange between Korea and China. After the battles of Im-jin Wae-ran(壬辰倭乱:the Japanese Invasions Korea in 1592-1658) and the battles of Byeong-ja Ho-ran(丙子胡乱:the second Manchu invasions in 1636),certain knowledge was formed between the theory of Daemyung royalty(大明義理論) and the doctrine of Chosun Joonghwa(朝鮮中華主義) had an influence on philosophy and art.Chapter three is the analysis of exchange of calligraphy between chosun a nd Qing in the late Chosun Dynasty.Chapter four is the analysis of Dong-guk-jin-chae(東國眞體) in the late Chosun Dynasty.The trend of thought to express the unique style of Dong-guk-jin -pung(東國眞體) began to form and finally established in the 18th century for example,Jin-gyeong-mun-hua(眞景文化:true-view culture) was also known as the trend of liberal arts since the 17th century of Chosun.During the time of literary renaissance of Chosun since 18th century,Dong-guk-jin-chae was formed and developed.Lee sub(李溆) pointed out the formalization of calligraphy of Zhao Meng-Fu and Han-ho so that he invented Ok-dong-chae(玉洞體) based on Wang Xi-zhi style calligraphy as a principal to find the essence of calligraphy.On the other hand,he wrote "Ok-dong-pil-gyeol"(玉洞笔诀), the first Korean calligraphy theory,to strengthen calligrapher's philosophy. The first movement to reform calligraphy by Yoon Doo-Seo,Yoon Soon and Lee Gwang-sa was seeking the essence of calligraphy during the 18th century maintained and influenced on the field of calligraphy.The Calligraphy style of the time was established corresponding with the process of art and literature trend such as Dong-guk-jin-pung and was renamed as Dong-guk-jin- chae which has been interpreted to represent a product of calligraphy reform movement of 18th century.After the Qing Dynasty was even established,bancheonguisik(反清意识: Counter-Qing consciousness) sustained for long term in Korea,but the diplomatic relations between two nations were gradually recovered and exchanges were increased.In particular,Korean envoys actively accepted Chinese culture,art and a lot of influence that Gobitakbon(ancient epigraphy and book of rubbing),a book of Wang Xizhi's model of law,Mi Fu's writing style,and cursive letter of Ming dynasty had also led to the development of Korean calligraphy.Chapter five is the analysis of Chu-sa-seo-pa(秋史書派) in the late Chosun Dynasty.The study of epigraphic of Chosun had been developed since the mid-18th century as the starting point.Korean scholars of Bukhakpa(北學派:a group of eminent literary scholars) representing members of envoys came to China to exchange their studies with famous scholars of Qing Dynasty and distributed epigraphic studies into Korea.Since the 19th century Kim Jung-hee established the foundation of the inscription study by the scholarly exchanges with Ruan Yuan(阮元),Weng Fang-Gang(翁方網) accepting an epigraphy and bibliographical study of Chinese classics.Kim Jung-hee collected an ancient inscription in the history of Korea to integrate the epigraphy and bibliographical study of Chinese classics and invented "Chusache"(calligraphy of Kim jung-hee) filled with scripture combining the advantages of both studies of inscription and book.Since then Shin Yu(申緯), Jo Gwang-Jin(曺匡振),Gwon Don-Yin(權敦仁) and many other calligraphers were influenced by Chu-sa-chae and made a foundation of Chusa School(秋史書派).Innovation(创新) does not simply mean that only creating something new. To break away from the existing fonts in order to achieve innovation,There must be a process that reinterpretation of the artist about ancient penmanship is involved with a variety of factors.Calligraphers of Donggukjinche:Lee Suh,Yoon Soon,and Lee Gwang-sa combined the fonts of Wang Xi-zhi,Mi Fu,and Zhu Yun-Ming(祝允明) and found their own fonts. Establishment of Donggukjinchae was appreciated as the last step to conclude the study of books.On the other hand Kim Jung-hee took a very important role to begin and use modern calligraphy by combining the advantages of study of books and inscription.