| This thesis is mainly about the Soviet-Russian government and Chinese regional political powers. Due to the secession of China during that period of time, there were lots of regional political powers, with which Russian government contacted, this thesis adopted four representatives of the regional powers , that is, Chen Jiongming, Wu Peifu, Zhang Zuolin and Feng Yuxiang, to analyze the relationship among them.Besides, the first Russian declaration on China is the basic principle of Sino-Soviet-Russian relationship, which gave a great impact to China. But due to the dispute over the paper given by China in 1920s, the two parties argued over 80 years, which led the negotiation to a dead end and a myth. This thesis will reveal the secrets, according to the newly released Russian documents. And now, the thesis contains following structure, taking the Russian First declaration on China as a particular case:Except for the introduction and conclusion, the thesis includes 6 chapters:The first chapter is about the relationship between Soviet-Russian government and Chen Jiongming. Chen is a very controversial figure in the history. This thesis tries to give an objective comment on him through the review of his life and other activities. In 1920s, Chen was a very influential person in Guangdong, which is, besides his own aspects, mainly because the Bourgeois revolution led by Sun Zhongshan. Chen didn't gain his own reputation until the famous social revolution in Zhangzhou area. In addition, Chen was very supportive to students'patriotic activities, which received great comments in Fujian. He also showed sympathy to the socialist and workers'activities, which also won the trust of workers and socialists. When back in Guangdong, Chen's position in Sun Zhongshan's government was strengthened. His attitude towards Soviet-Russian government was quite favorable, showing congratulation to the success of Soviet revolution and being sincerely grateful to the first declaration. He also claimed to learn from Soviet Russia, follow its road, and be"willing to advance together like close friends". Chen's attitude gave a good impression to the Soviet Russian government. When the Soviet Russian government tried to contact with China in 1920, it first took Chen as the cooperative partner. The reason can be concluded as: Chen owned the military administration, and was the main power in the south government. Also, Chen showed his pro-Soviet/Socialism attitude. Additionally, Chen was taken as the"prestigious"figure in the Chinese Bourgeois. While Chen's closeness towards Soviet Russian was from the misunderstanding of Soviet Socialism, on the other hand, it was for his own sake. After the break-up with Sun Zhongshn, Chen's power decreased considerably, lost the influences in China, and in the end attacked on Russia, which finally made the Soviet government gave up on him, and turned to Sun Zhongshan and Wu Peifu.The second chapter is mainly about the relationship between Soviet Russian government and Wu Peifu. Wu used to be Russia's best choice for partner. He was the most likely to push Beijing government, and also probably could be the regional power to take over Beijing administration. The Soviet Russian government once tried to encourage Chen Jiongming, later Sun Zhongshan to establish a joint government. Wu showed gratitude since Russia's first declaration about"defending the national interests of China", but became utterly hurt after the national egoism in the second declaration. Finally, they failed to reach an agreement of cooperation, which also proved that out of national egoism and neglecting the actual situation of other country, the policy would be doomed to fail.Chapter three is mainly about relationship between Soviet Russian government and Zhang Zuolin. Called"King of Northeast", Zhang owned the well-known power in China. Russian government had to contact Zhang mainly to maintain his interests in China, especially the Mid-east railway and Mongolia. The Mid-east railway and Mongolia issue was the purpose of Russian government to contact Zhang, who went back and forth between Russia and Japan in order to secure the Northeast China. Zhang kept his status on the issue of Mid-east railway, feeling hostile towards Russians. This attitude lasted through his administration with Russian government. The deportation of Russian ambassador Karakhan was the symbol of break-up between Russia and Zhang Zuolin, also the break-up of Sino-Russian relationship.Chapter four is about relationship between Soviet Russia and Feng Yuxiang. During this period, Russian government established the cooperative-in-all but also partially-competitive relationship with Feng, that is, even if with conflicts on some issues, they would adjust their policy and principles, and cooperates with each other to achieve their own goal. Therefore, cooperation was the topic in that time, but coexisted with hostility and suspicion. But no matter what, the two parts fulfilled their own goals to some extent, which is somehow positively effective for their political pursuit.Chapter five is about the historical research on the first draft of Declaration to China. This chapter analyzed the text of Declaration to China, finally discovered that the draft Chinese government used was the original paper, and Russian paper was not, which solved the historical myth in Sino-Russian relationship in 80 years.Chapter six judged the secret contact between Soviet Russian government and regional political powers in China, and also explored the Revelation on diplomacy. The secret contact of Soviet Russian government with regional political power caused the establishment of Sino-Russian diplomatic relation, while the regional political power failed to strengthen themselves by these contacts, and the mistrust was worsened between Russia and the government of Northern Warlords. These contacts showed that national interests are the primary diplomatic principle, and multiple-diplomacy is to maximize its interests in China basically. Ideology and inter-party relation is not the key element.The conclusion summarizes the reason why Russian government chose the regional political power in China.Russian government chose the regional political power in China in 1920s, was"to keep national interest in Far-east, and normalize the Sino-Russian relationship, that is, official acknowledgement of Russian confederacy by Beijing government. Meanwhile, the Russian leaders also planned to make use of the conflicting warlords to establish some kind of union, which could set up a friendly government to Russia."This is true description of Sino-Russian diplomatic relationship.In 1920s, regional political powers owned special position in Chinese politics. The relationship between Russian government and Chinese regional political powers, showed the realism in Russian diplomatic policy, which showed that state and national interests is always the starting point of national diplomatic policies, which are applicable to both capitalist and socialist countries. The aim of multiple-diplomatic is to ensure the maximization of national interests. To sum up the historical lesson of Sino-Russian relationship, is very helpful for us to deal with international, inter-party and ideological relationship, that is to say, in international relationship, nation interest is always the most important factor rather the ideological and party conflicts, which is the revelation given by history. |
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