A Study On The Han Nationality Intellectuals Of Liao Dynasty

On the basis of the research of our predecessor,this paper made a systematic study on the Han nationality intellectuals of Liao Dynasty. Full-text is divided into three parts:the preface,body composed by six chapters and conclusion. Now we generalized the contents and main points of this paper as followed in the sequence of writing.In the preface,we mainly discussed the significance and the academic value,analyzed the meaning of "intellectuals",and reviewed the former research on this issue in both synthetic study and special study. In this foundation we pointed out the question needed to be solved and the method on how to do the research.The first chapter mainly inspected the two sources of the Han nationality intellectuals in the Liao Dynasty: First,moved from the Central Plains; second, educated by the Liao Government,that is mechanical growth and natural growth,if described with the demographic-specific term. The growth of the Han nationality intellectuals of Liao Dynasty is mainly due to the second way.Chapter II is mainly on the three means of the Han nationality intellectuals in Liao Dynasty how to enter political stratum. Some Han nationality intellectuals directly awarded Official position by Khitan Emperors,and others become officials by Yinbu or by imperial examination. Section II,the Hereditary system of the Liao Dynasty,is the focus of this chapter. There're two different kinds of hereditary in Liao Dynasty, normal and postwar. Its objects included immediate family members and other collateral relatives. The eighth,ninth-rank officials or higher than them in the Liao Dynasty hold the right to make his sons become the officials, that was wider than the Song and Jin Dynasty.But the right was limmted ,such as, the ninth-rank officials can assure his four sons to enter the political arena, of course, the higher of rank, the more of the number, that was more too in the Liao Dynasty. The majority of the officials from hereditary in the Liao Dynasty can depend on their own abilities to enter the middle or high-level political circles,and they were more promising than the Song and Jin Dynasty. Although hereditary system of the Liao Dynasty made the northern cultural lag behind in a way, it had great significance, such as, it made the Han and Khitan noble unite together ,that consolidated the rule of the Liao Dynasty. Section III of this chapter discussed the object to take part in the imperial examination and their political future of. The officials came from imperial examination were more respected than came from Yinbu.Chapter III studied mainly how the Han nationality intellectuals palyed their roles on the Liao Dynasty politics in three different periods. In the early period, the Han nationality intellectuals told Liao Taizu to refused to"be replaced", created rules and systems,and build many cities for. In the mid period, the Han officials led by Han Derang played a important role in national affairs, and presided over the imperial examination. By the efforts both Khitan and Han officials,the Liao Dynasty become stronger and stronger. In the latter period, The vast majority of Han officials tried to save Liao regime by sentencing, capturing robbers,fighting against vicious and relieving the victims. But some Han nationality intellectuals represented by Ma Zhi and Li Chuwen accelerated the demise of the Liao Dynasty.Chapter IV focused primarily on the contribution of the Han officials to the Liao country's economic development. The south economic institutions of the of the Liao Dynasty were constituted mainly by the Hufang in the Shumiyuan, five Jisi and three Qianbosi. The vast majority of these economic agencies were Han people. They encouraged farmers to land,collected taxes,in charge of salt,mineral and trade,moreover,they were responsible for the financial expenditure. All those provided a material guarantee for the Liao national institutions.Chapter V examined the contribution of the Han nationality intellectuals to the culture of Liao Dynasty. They had led the direction and cultural development,representing the highest level of cultural development in the Liao Dynasty. They had outstanding performance in Confucian education , literature, history,and Buddhist areas and so on. Section I discussed the Han nationality intellectuals had played an important effect in communicating Confucian culture by managing education, to be professor and other means. Section II discussed the literary achievements of the Han nationality intellectuals who was the main force in the literary world in the Liao Dynasty, such as in drafting the order of the Emperors, writing poetry,prose,epitaphs, and so on. Section III discussed the achievement of the Han nationality intellectuals in the history. There were two writing history institutions in the Liao Dynasty, the Qiju Institute and National Historical Institute. The great majority of the Historian are Chinese persons. They writed a lot of history books and played an important role in development of History. The fourth section discussed their achievements in the Buddhist. Based on studying how the Han Buddhist became eminent monks, we discussed the Han Chinese Buddhist played an important role in the Liao Buddhist culture by lecturing Buddhist classic propagandas, printing Khitan Tibet, continuing to carve on stones in Fangshan, and writing Buddhist books.Chapter VI examined the contribution of Han nationality intellectuals to military and foreign affairs. Overall,they played a limited role in the military field, and did well only in a certain battlefield or special family. In dealing with affairs between the Liao Dynasty and Song Dynasty,the Han nationality intellectuals still played an more important role.The last is the conclusion. After summarizing the whole article, we can concluded that Khitan rulers were respect for Han nationality intellectuals. In psychological, the Han nationality intellectuals of Liao Dynasty had a process from resistance to cooperation, correspondingly, their political status had also gone through changes from low to high. With the improvement of the political status of the Han nationality intellectuals, real cohabitation in the Khitan and the Han persons. A large number of the Han nationality intellectuals were loyal to the Liao regime and made great contributions to the political,economic, cultural,military,foreign affairs in the Liao Dynasty.