Research On Country Social Controls Of Central Plains In Jin Dynasty

The thesis is mainly on Country Social Controls of Central Plains in Jin Dynasty. The research is on the basis of summing up and absorbing from the achievements in research of our predecessors, and by the means of historical, sociological, and political study. There is a comprehensive and systematic study of this issue. In the hope of delineating the historical connection between models of country social controls of central plains in Jin Dynasty and Dynasties in the Central Plains, and clarifying the position and function of country social controls of Jin Dynasty in the history of Chinese country social controls, through analyzing the apply and development, along with disadvantages of the various controlling measures. The whole thesis is made of three parts: introduction, body composed by six chapters and conclusion.The introduction mainly explains the significance and ways of the issues. Through analyzing the research achievements at present, we believe that there is an ample studying and enterprising empty about the subject, as well as many aspects are not touched on. The study on country social controls often focuses on the governments of Hans, but the minority nationality political power is given less attention and not enough strong. In fact, Jin Dynasty established by Jurchen attached importance to country social controls after they entering central plains and followed the controlling measures of Dynasties of central plains. It is an integral part of country social controls of our state.The first chapter expounds the ecological environment and agricultural economic development of country area of central plains in Jin Dynasty. The central plains area during Jin Dynasty contained Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Pecking, Tianjin, north Jiangsu and Anhui and east Gansu. On the ecological environment, there are mountain area, hilly land and plains, so they restricted the agricultural economic development in Jin Dynasty to certain extent. The climate showed the trend of cold and it created frequent natural disasters, increasing the instabilities of country society, so the villagers living in hardship life. The agricultural economics of central plains in Jin Dynasty was destructed by wars during early Jin Dynasty, had been restored and some development to the medium-term.The second chapter mainly concerns that the local officials and petty officials controls on country society in Jin Dynasty. The central plains in Jin Dynasty were traditional Hans's agricultural area, so the country society had been formed into a pattern. The country organization in Jin Dynasty originated from which in Tang and Song Dynasties and developed. It showed complicated situation, most areas were made up of two ranks: Xiang and Li, but partly were three ranks: Xiang, Li and She, which not universal. The country organization in Jin Dynasty was the peripheral part of state administrative organization; the petty officials took an important part in country social controls. Actually, the petty officials assisted state-controlled villages by participating in villages'management, maintaining the rural order and rural public utilities. The local officials directly controlled the country society, so the quality of governance directly affected the stability of rural society. They controlled the country society by means of education, encouraging agricultural development, maintaining the rural order, involving relief and so on. The local officials and petty officials both became the controllers of country society, and they needed to interact with each other. While local officials controlled village society required the assistance of petty officials, on the other hand, it needed local officials to stop when petty officials undermined social stability.The third chapter mainly concerns Jurchen immigration and country social controls of central plains. Jin Dynasty extricated Liao and North Song after founding. The government controlled central plains by supporting agents after entering central plains, but the effect was not recognized by Jin rulers. Initially, a vast amount of families of Mengan and Mouke were moved to the central plains and cantoned in the villages. The government strengthened the control of the state by cantonment. The south immigration of families of Mengan and Mouke had a great impact on the migrants themselves and rural community of central plains. In terms of the central plains villages, the instabilities were increased because of the involvement of new force. Speaking on immigrants, they entered new life area and this had an impact on them. Jin rulers had to solve the social problems brought by migrants through taking various measures. However, the measures did not work very well; the problems were not cancelled, either. On the contrary, ethnic contradiction was intensified, so it accelerated the destruction of Jin Dynasty.The fourth chapter mainly concerns the elites and country social controls of central plains. In Chinese traditional country society, some people lived in the country, which possessed abundant resources and had influence in the rural community, we call them the elites. The elites in villages were the intermediary and bridge between state and villagers. Not only they could impel the will and spirit of the state to the villagers, but also can protect and reflect the interests and demands of villagers. They strengthened the state control of rural society by consulting decrees, maintaining the rural order, involving relief and public career. The rural elites could involve country social controls mainly depended on their specificity: they were economically prosperous, culturally rich and able to directly face the rural people. At the same time, they also had drawbacks: as the rulers of feudal society, they maintained and controlled the country society, while showed that their exploitation of rural people.The fifth chapter mainly concerns Confucian ethics, laws and country social controls. In grass roots of Chinese ancient agricultural society, Confucian ethics and laws had their natural basis and conditions of existence and development, so Confucian ethics and laws both were important means of rural controls and interchangeable. Confucian ethics were destroyed by war and turmoil in the beginning of Jin Dynasty, then recovered and developed. The government guided rural customs, thickened rural folk and educated villagers by Confucian ethics, in order to create the ideological atmosphere that the rulers needed. Laws stressed punishment function of killing and intimidating, eliminating traitors, punishing stubborn people, roping criminals, banning non-allowed, often were used to against criminal acts that harm to the interests of ruling class. There were customary laws before the founding of Jin Dynasty, legal construction was received attention after the founding, legal system was gradually improved, and was applied in the rural social control. Jin Dynasty maintained state rural social control by cracking down various crimes in the rural society. Because of interaction of Chinese ancient Confucian ethics and laws, they were interactive used in rural social control during Jin Dynasty.The sixth chapter mainly concerns religion and country social controls. Religion for social control was the behaviors of people into the orbit of religion. Jin Dynasty controlled the religion through various means, and injected religious ethics among the villagers, in order to control thought and then rural society. Jurchen had Shamanism and Buddhism before the founding of Jin Dynasty. The Jin government retained Central China's original religion after entering central plains, and allowed moderate development of religion, which assisted controlling rural area. Jin rulers managed the religion and got the religious beliefs into the context of state control, in order to serve for them. Religion assisted controlling rural society by controlling thought of rural people, participating in rural social relief, and so on. Of course, religion had a dual nature, on the one hand it can be used to control villages, on the other hand also be used as a political tool against state ruling.The conclusion mainly states and summaries the elements of the thesis. The paper believes that Jin Dynasty followed the control mode of the central plains villages of traditional Dynasties of central plains. The difference was a large amount of Jurchen families being immigrated into central plains, in order to strengthen the control of the central plains villages. From the point of the results from controlling central rural society, Jin Dynasty reached a certain degree of control, appeared the Golden Age situation during Shizong and Zhangzong. However, the effect of controlling rural society was impacted by brutal rulers and war. Therefore, we got a conclusion as follows from Jin Dynasty controlled on country society of central plains. Jin Dynasty is not"conquest Dynasty"or"Nation on horseback", but entirely"one China"Dynasty and an important part of Chinese history.