On The Policy Of Uygur Xinjiang In Qing Dynasty

This paper systematically discusses the origin, background, details, features, functions, evolution, result, gain and loss, and influence of the policies and measures that were taken by rulers of Qing dynasty on Huijiang's politics, economics, military affairs, religion, and culture; for instance, the course and logos in policy-making, the reason and significance of policy adjustment in different periods, the decision and viewpoints of the court and local officials plus the effects brought about, and the errors in carrying out policies together with their consequences etc., which are unfolded under the foundation of detailed data possession, full utilization and absorption of related academic achievements, and the combination of field survey in ethnology with policy analysis in politics. The paper elaborates both statically and dynamically, both positively and negatively, attempting to comprehensively and objectively grasp the policies on Huijiang in Qing dynasty, truly reflect the evolution of its policies, and, accordingly, make an impersonal evaluation of them.This paper totally includes the introduction and eight chapters. The introduction mainly gives a description of reasons in choosing this topic, research scope, research methods, research materials and the current academic research situation of Huijiang's ruling policies in Qing dynasty. The first chapter relates the administration in Huijiang before Qing's unification of Xinjiang; due to some historical reasons in this period, not much did Qing dynasty contact with the Huijiang district, and its governance was realized through the establishment of interactive relationship, the control of Hami and the capture of Turpan. Chapter two and three reveal the controlling policies in Huijiang from the unification of Xinjiang to the establishment of Xinjiang province. In Qianlong twenty-four years i.e. in 1,759, Qing government put down the rebellion of Burhan al-Din and Khwaja Jinan, who once governed the south of Tianshan Mountain, from then on, rulers began to obtain stable domination in this area and set up a series of rules and regulations in Huijiang so as to achieve comprehensive governance. In Tongzhi three years, i.e. in 1,864, Huijiang peasant uprising broke out, Qing's rule in the local was overthrown, and a military officer of Kokand State in Central Asia called Yaqub Beg occupied the Huijiang Area for thirteen years. Until in Guangxu ten years, i.e. in 1,884, did the Qing government recover Xinjiang, and reset the province there; during this period, Huijiang was under the command of military system on the whole and policies in this area featured strong color of nationality and region. Chapter four deals with the new policies adopted by Qing dynasty in Huijiang after the establishment of Xinjiang province in Guangxu ten years, i.e. in 1,884. Afterwards, Xinjiang province gradually stepped into inland, moreover, great adjustments were made in Qing's ruling policies on Huijiang, for example, carrying out system of prefectures and counties, and the implementation of New Deal. At that time, all new policies implemented by Qing government in Huijiang started to keep consistent with that throughout the whole country and gradually approach internationalization, which, as a result, accelerate the modernization of Xinjiang. Chapter five to eight describe respectively in subject Qing's policy of frontier defense, economics, education, and religion in Huijiang district, and make some exploration on these policies'implementation concerning background, cause, characteristics, gain and loss, with an expectation to draw a lesson and get some beneficial enlightenment from the following above.