The Southeast Mutual, And The Late Qing Council

During the prometaphase of Qing Dynasty,The centralization of power is very overwhelming. The Directory Governments are very fear to the Qing government. The Qing government can kill or downplay the people in the Directory Governments just through a piece of rescript. For example,Nian Geng yao does succeed in the west of China, however, the Qing government use a piece of rescript and sent him to Bei Jing due to all kinds of reasons. Another example is Imperial Commissioner Lin Ze Xu in Dao Guang period. Although he did very good in the smoking-prohibited movement, the king depreciated and sent him to Xin Jiang. After the taiping rebellion, The power of the Directory Governments become more and more throng. Until to the late of Qing, all the solders and grain of Qing government are depended on the Directory Governments. The situation of Qing government emphasize much of the inner rather than the external, become irrecoverable. The appear of Joint Defence of Southeast is based on this background.The late 19th century, the imperialist carve up China deeply, the Chinese national crisis reached unprecedented level.There is a large change within the Qing government, The government has different point of view on the boxers. So the Boxers can grow vigorously and flourish. At this time,the Qing government is in the charge of conservative forces. As the traditional old-fashioned concept of coherence, they react to each other.Cixi, Zai Yi and other diehards tried to use the Boxers to achieve its waste legislation purpose. Old-fashioned literati class attempt to unite Boxers to against the foreigners, foreign religion and foreign affairs. They use feudalism to defeat capitalism with the purpose of saving China.After the rise of Boxer Rebellion, due to a misunderstanding on foreign exchange:After the 1898 coup, the Ci Xi most concerned about the status of the reign behind a curtain, but at this time most of the members of the envoy mission in Peking, do not want to understand China's political system and culture. However, they actively interfere in affairs of state and make a series of wrong judgments and decisions. So Cixi unwilling to co-operate with the ministers on Boxers problems.With the development of the situation, when foreign aggression is more serious than internal problems, the Qing government finally stop the termination of boxing action and prepared to use the Boxer on a declaration of war.As early as the rise of the Boxer movement, Southeast governors do their best to avoid the war, but it did not work. After the Qing government finally moved toward the war. Seeing the failure of avoiding war, the southeast governors turned to brew mutual insurance with the foreign powers. Powers by restraining each other, out to protect themselves, especially in the Yangtze River in China, interest considerations, the Governor of the southeast, ask a mutual insurance proposals to give the enthusiastic response. After three consultations, they initially agreed on the "south-east to protect some sections." Subsequently, Shandong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian and other provinces of the governor have also announced it has joined the ranks of mutual insurance and mutual insurance statutes were enacted.Although there was not final signature and it appeared to die a natural death. In fact, its importance was not so much a simple signature or not,but because it reflected China's current situation and the governor. Making the southeast stable and then "Nobumune Society, Paul Liang Gong. " Die a natural death is behind the real fact, while the results are obvious to all.The success of Mutual insurance was due to political and economic differences between north and south, behind the result of the efforts the southern gentry, but also the southeast governor, ask the diplomatic envoys with the help of the interaction between the use of imperialism, but many times to contain the product of mediation. Although a certain extent, it will uphold the national sovereignty, ensuring the stable development of the Jiangnan region. But it has also exacerbated the emergence of the central and local centrifugal force, accelerated the decline of the Qing government to facilitate the implementation of the imperialist divide and rule policy of aggression.After the Boxer Rebellion, the Qing government tried to reinforce the centralization of power by military reforms. So the government send Tieliang to the south of china, to seize manufacture Bureau, to break the southeast governor, check the south-eastern financial authority and military power of the monopoly.Until now the mutual insurance companies collapse.However, contrary to the Qing government expected that the Tieliang to the south and centralization is not the biggest beneficiaries of the Qing, but Zhili Governor Yuan Shih-kai. With the expansion of the Yuan forces, the Qing court was forced to take measures to weaken its power, and eventually lead to a break with Yuan Shikai and the Qing government and the perish by military reforms the Qing Dynasty.