Research On Livelihood Of China's Farmers Based On Citizens' Rights

The farmer problem is the basic problem of Chinese revolution, construction and reform. In different history periods, there are different understandings to the farmer problem. After the establishment of Communist Party of China, "land problem" was considered the basic, and "land revolution" was developed; after the establishment of New China, "land reform" was held nationally and the farmer became the political host of the nation. But China imitated the mode of former Soviet Union, which caused new farmer problems---part of rights of farmers were limited and deprived, and farmers became a second class citizens in the social structure in which cities and countries were separated. In 1980's, with the development of reform, farmers were satisfied with the system of fields division, but the farmers'burden problem followed, which was the outstanding issue of China social problems in 1990's. The phenomenon made us realize that farmer's burden problem and land problem reflect the imperfection of farmers'rights. In other words, as long as farmers'rights were respected, guaranteed and realized, other relevant problems would be solved. The sources of some problems of "Four agricultures" are the imperfection of citizens'right. The core strategy of China to make a harmonious development between cities and countries is to perfect and protect citizens'rights in following half century.The victory of Chinese revolution was contributed to lives and blood of farmers; "scissors balance" caused a great deal of capital for national economy and industrial system. After the reform and opening, China gradually became "factory of the world" and in great quantities output cheap merchandise and created a 10% yearly growth in GDP on the average, farmers played important roles in the labor force. The "four agricultures" need to be compensated; the weak agriculture foundation needs to be strengthened; the villages need to be supported; the income needs to be increased; the differences between cities and countries need to be moderated; the urbanization, a history trend, needs to be strengthened. Recall and learn from painful experience, we draw the conclusion that it's necessary to perfect citizens'rights of farmers, return national treatment to farmers, instead of the treatment of second class citizen.The history experience and the future path of China village reform are studied in the dissertation on the view of citizens' rights, leading people to get the solution of "four agricultures" problem from the new angle of view; making people have a thorough analysis of problems and finding out the main antinomy. It is basically important to solve "four agricultures" problems by perfecting farmers'rights, increasing farmers education devotion, perfecting agriculture infrastructures, solving farmers migration, indemnifying lost fields, reforming household register system, and perfecting village social guarantee system. The city and country reform will be more thorough and more firm by solving farmer problems from the angle of citizens'equal rights.The theoriotical and practical analysis is made in eight parts in the dissertation:Part 1:The research background and the overall frame and structure are introduced, the dynamic state overview home and abroad, research method, theoriotical and practical value, innovation and shortage are discussed and analyzed.Part2:The definition of citizens'rights, on the basis of analysis of the core meaning of citizen and right, development of citizens'rights, path to the explanation of right, a personal understanding of citizens'rights is drawn and the key points of the dissertation is set up. Citizens'rights are a set of right system ---"five powers"(farmers'free right of changing residence, political right, education right, property right, and the right of enjoying social development and social guarantees) are discussedon the view of village reform and development.Part 3:the developing relationship is theoretically discussed between "five powers" (farmers'free right of changing residence, political right, education right, property right, and the right of enjoying social development and social guarantees) and "agriculture, village, farmers and peasantworkers". Theories in system economics---property right theory, transaction cost theory, encouragement theory, human resource and dynamic theory in politics support the related relation of perfecting citizens'rights and developing economic society.Part 4:A brief summary of the development and perfection of citizens'rights in New China is made as follows:the host right; the right of acquiring production materials and owning parts of property; residual claim and independent operation; migration right; social guarantee right; a ticket political right. Farmers'obtaining these rights is economically and socially meaningful in developing village economy, improving village spirit appearance, raising farmers'income and promoting harmonious development of society.Part 5:Problems and shortages of citizens'guarantees are summarized:imperfection of education right and lack of education resources; unfair political right; obstacles of migration right; low level and inequality of social guarantees; inperfection of land property right system. These imperfections influence the improving of farmers'qualities, blocking the fanner reasonable claim outlets, affecting reasonable allocation of labor force resources, baffling urbanization progress, and causing serious social unfair. In October,2010, the 17th plenary congression of the Party took the equity and the justice as the congressional topic. It is clear that how important and urgent to carry out the social fair and justice.Part 6:Reasons for the inequality and imperfection of farmers'rights are analyzed from the history and the realistic angle:the influence of constitutional government on farmers' rights; the influence of collectivism right view on farmers'rights; the influence of the modernization on farmers' rights; the influence of the first constitution of New China on farmer problems; The influence of our laws and regulations on equal rights of farmers; the lack of social organizations to protect their rights; weak consciousness of fighting for equal rights; the influence of judicial remedy on farmers equal rights.Part 7:Systems and performance of citizens'rights are put forwarded. I think that the path dependence results in a system scale effect. The so-called system scale economic effect means regulations once form system, the path dependence effect will be stronger, and the change of system will be more difficult because the system scale effect asks the motivation of system change to at least attain "system critical minimum effort". "System critical minimum effort" theory points out the change of system is subject to self-contradict sport of promotion power and resistance power; the power promoting system change includes inside power and outside power, the resistance power includes path dependence and vested interest groups. only when promotion exceeds resistance, the change of system can succeed, and at this moment the promotion power is called "system critical minimum effort". There is an innovation in system economics theory in this part. According to the above analysis, system reform is based on a series of system changes, but under the consideration of national realities, political right and education right can go in advance, others followed gradually.Part 8:On the basis of above analysis, strategies are put forwarded:free migration right, political right, education right, property right and social guarantees.Agricultural population takes up 60% of the total population in our country, the solution of "four agricultures" will solve the livings and development of 60% of population in China. Hoping my research will contribute to village economy, where I was born and living, and arise more concerns to farmers. I will hold out my research on "four agricultures" for long time, probably I'm from a farmer family and have deep feeling to farmers.