Risk Knowledge And Public Decision-making

Any society faces the risk and unsafty, at the same time, it makes the new risk and unsafty uncreasingly through a kind of development pattern. Therefore, the preacation of risk is a tactical question, is also strategic question. From evolution of the social changes and the risk meaning, the human society experienced industry society until today "the risk society" the historical development stage which called by some sociologists, the meaning of the risk concept has also occurred three reforming: the concept changes from a harm description objective to a judgment contain subjective; the exploration shifts the geography space at first to the time, the risk from is connected with the insurance to divorce it; the concept connotation of risk also moved towards a sociological concept from a statistics concept, finally it has formed popular "the risk words" and the risk society theory in 20th century. The risk words and the risk society theory reflected the humanity rethinks about own development pattern and the future fate.Different shape social being exists the dominant position the risk shape, at the same time, it also produces the system shape and the policy-making pattern to guard the risk and eliminate crisis. The humanity facing natural risk and violence risk in the agricultural society, it established religious and the scientific system and in the idea guard objective significance risk in the long-term practice, also has formed centralization public decision-making pattern from top to down. Through the first modernization, the humanity entered the industry society (capitalist society). Three props shore up the whole capitalist society "the nation-state political authority, the market and the science and technology". After establishment democratic system restraint country politics authority, the people thought the main risk of industry society come from the market and the capital, thus it established the commercial insurance and the social security system to resist the economic society risk. The expansion and tolerance of the market, as well as assemble ability of representative democratic system makes human society's politics from desire control traditional politics to benefit production and the assignment as central modern politics, and it establishes the public policy-making pattern from bottom to top. Newly established these risk guard systems, it exists the course which from the folk spontaneous system to using the state power confirmed and constructs the system. This also reflected the economical development was always taken seriously by the country, but the risk was attentioned by the folk society.The outstanding achievement of the industry society sterms from the productive forces which provided from the science and technology, at the same time it also accelerated the development of the science and technology changed with each passing day, the science and technology also moved towards in the social structure system constitution from the initial a kind of society. Under driving of the benefit, the science and technology research and the application were being separated from the control of the political institution and it was moved according to the market and commercial logic. There is not enough time to examine the new scientific research achievement; itentered the production and the life system, so the human society is becoming a "experimental society". The risk of the science and technology and the latent ruinous might of the side effect will push to the society. The society was pushed to "the risk society" by the humanity attempts to change their future through the second modernization.The risk globalization as well as the global union of the resistance risks "the new social movement", which increase "the risk" production and the assignment as centered politics based on the benefit production and assignment as in the central politics basis. The politics centered as "the risk" radiates the political structure through the sub-politics, is also changing the public policy-making pattern, and forms the network public decision-making pattern to defense scientific risk. Because many policy-making participants have not the science and technology's specialized knowledge in face to the science and technology risk in the network pattern, but they can control the policy-making development, thus it forms a paradox in the risk decision: the humanity creates the knowledge because of the guard risk, however the new knowledge brings the new risk; in front of the new risk, the experts indiscreet remark or dispute caused its suggestion to lose trust, ignorance (mainly refers to haven't the specialize knowledge related with policy-making object) affects the pubic policy-making direction. Which will decide social development direction and the human destiny knowledge or ignorance?The paper divides into three modules: the first module including the first, the second, the third chapters. In the first chapter, it mainly summarizes the documents and proposes the whole paper's writing thinking and the basic views; in the second chapter, it discusses the relations between the evolutions of "the risk" and the form of society and the modernization, explains the main risk and the risk guard system formation in agriculture society and the industry society, and proposes any risk already produced cannot eliminate but only can cause it inadequately for the crisis critical state. These scenes provide the social background for the science and technology risk formation. In the third chapter, it main explains science and technology brings the new risk's feature and the risk form's reason.The fourth chapter is the change-over portion, because the new risk can eliminate by market mechanism, the legal mechanism and individual strength and it needs the government prevent its proliferation and the transformation through the risk regulations, so the government takes important on the precaution of risk. However the first important principle of the risk regulations—prevention principle will meet many principled conflicts during implementing the decision.The second module including the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth chapters, it mainly discusses scientific, democratized and legalized in the risk regulation decision through analysis the theory and expounding the case, and putting these three questions into the globalization, complicated relations between the country and the society, the international rules and the company rules and the contradictory background in country, emphasized how to reconstructs expert, government's trust, how to regulate policy according to the difference of culture, and how to form the new order leading as risk in the international through the cooperation. In the fifth chapter, it introduces the...