| America, the major economic power, is the one who uses economic sanctions most frequently in the 20th century. With the economic globalization and the deepening of international intercourses after WW II, US employ economic sanctions more and more frequently, which have a increasingly deep and complex influence on the international political and economic relations, and which brings extensive attention and hot discussion among the international society.China, the developing socialist country, has ever suffered by the economic sanctions moved by US. After the establishment of New China, US imposed against China strategic embargos for 20 years and various economic sanctions since 1989. The American economic sanctions negatively influence not only the economic and social development of China but also her domestic and foreign affairs on different degrees. China is now much more dependant on foreign countries than most economic powers. Therefore, once brought up against by economic sanctions, China will probably face greater challenge in her economic and social development and national security.After September 11th, US expand its common ground with China, which strengthens the strategic base for the cooperation between that was ever weakened since the Cold War. However, because the two countries differ a great deal in social institutions, ideology, geopolitics and strategic development and because US are to contain China as a main strategic competitor after the Cold War, the future development of their relation can hardly be secured by the limited contemporary common interest of the two. What's more, the increasingly rampant Taiwan Isolation may turn out to be the fuse to fire the confliction between them. They are both nuclear powers, so there is little probability of full-scale military confliction between them, but America will vary its military intervention into the Strait Conflict according to the degrees and economic sanctions against China is the necessary choice for US.At present, not too much research has been done in the international economic sanctions by scholars in China, which are mainly news report and some introductions of the western research literature. By contrary, the research in this field done by western scholars is comparatively deeper and more extensive, including historicalstudy in some specific cases and normative study probing into the general laws in the economic sanctions, which, even though based on different explanations and arguments, is mostly politically oriented, namely it is against the developing countries that are taken as the targets of the sanctions.Hence, it is of theoretical and practical importance to do research work in American economic sanctions. Theoretically, the general law of international economic sanctions can be grasped and full knowledge can be attained through the analysis of the domestic motives, cost and profit and the effect factors of American economic sanctions. Practically, helpful suggestions can be offered for developing countries delegated by China to maintain economic security and prevent against foreign economic sanctions under globalization.From the perspective of history and logics, applying Marxist Historic Materialism and the theory of Public Choice of the Institutional Economics, this dissertation makes analysis in the American economic sanctions after the WWII. Through case study in the American economic sanctions, the dissertation tries to obtain a full and deep understanding of the motivation, efficiency, effect factors and their evolvement.The innovation of this dissertation is as follows: one, analyze the efficiency of American economic sanctions through varieties of motives instead of the traditional unique standard, which avoids simple evaluation to American economic sanctions; two, starting from the macro environment of the international struggle and the wholenational strategy, combining the intensity of motivations ------ the intention to payprice for certain policy goal, and the evaluation of it ------ its value status amongvarious goals, analyze the dynamic game process of different actors instead of the simple comparison of their economic scales and price, isolated and static analysis in the economic sanctions; Three, on the grounds of developing countries, probe into the ways to prevent and resist international economic sanctions.The dissertation is divided into three parts in six chapters.Chapter One and Two is included in the first part, which introduces the history of and general ideas about international economic sanctions. The Introduction in Chapter One firstly briefs the theoretical and practical importance of the title of this dissertation and then analyzes the relative concepts and basic functions of international sanctions. The evolution of the concept of 'sanctions' is particularly discussed chronically, which gives the readers a general understanding about the application of international sanctions in various fields. Because economic sanctions are morefrequently used for the goal of foreign policy, discussion in their functions is the premise to understand why a country takes them as a choice from numerous foreign policy tools. The research literatures and status is introduced in the second part of the Introduction, on the base of which research perspectives of international sanctions are concluded, that is, the perspectives of international relation, international law, world economy is the research emphasis about international sanctions. In the end, the research perspective, method and structure of this dissertation are introduced.In Chapter Two, the connotation and extension of economic sanctions and relative theories are analyzed. The author argues that international sanctions are essentially political, which are totally different from those retaliatory measures simply out of economic goals, so retaliatory measures in trade confliction are excluded in this dissertation. Comparisons in different theoretical explanations about economic sanctions are made in the dissertation, on which research framework of the dissertation is established, namely various factors affecting economic sanctions are analyzed from their motivation, intensity, implementation method, relative sensitivity and vulnerability of the opposite parts and responds of the international society, and different evaluation principles are made according to their different motivations.The second part includes Chapter Three, Chapter Four, Chapter Five, in which the developing characters, constrictions and their influences of American economic sanctions after WWII are discussed. Chapter Three mainly reviews their history and characters and introduces the procedure and relative law about them.In Chapter Four, the influence and efficiency of American economic sanctions are discussed according to their motivations, policy goals and responds from different parts. In order to fully reflect the American economic sanctions after the War, four special cases are chosen for discussion: the pipeline embargo against Soviet Union, the economic sanctions against South Africa for its apartheid, the economic sanctions against Cuba and and the economic sanctions against Iraq from 1990—2003.The economic sanctions against Soviet Union reveal the competition among the powers. Generally speaking, it is of little substantial impact on a power. One power with a strong government has enough resources to gain domestic and foreign substitution, so the external economic sanctions only add to the cost and postpone its development at most. Meanwhile, different notions and interest conflicts among the western countries on the issue of non-strategic trade with the East are disclosed by theembargo against Soviet Union. US put more emphasis on the security importance in the western trade and expects to control the economic intercourse between the two as much as possible while the western European powers maintain 'the constructive engagement', and expect to expand the non-strategic trade with the East so as to obtain the huge economic profits and then to cushion or change the domestic and foreign policy of the target.The economic sanctions against South Africa embody the immense force of the international morality. It is different from the other economic sanctions that this one imposed by the international society led by US is out of their dissatisfaction with South Africa for its apartheid not out of their national interest or security. In the economic sanctions against South Africa, many sub-state actors, for example some state and local governments take part. This time the example for the sub-state actors to take part in the economic sanctions on a large scale is created. At the same time, the humanitarian issue of the bottom lives in the target country is for the first time to gain the attention of the international society.The American economic sanctions against Cuba are deeply soaked in ideology. Especially after the Cold War, aiming to strengthen the economic sanctions against Cuba is approved when Cuba is not capable at all to construct any threat to US, which arouses opposition of the international society. < Helms Burton Act > aims to extend the American domestic policy to other countries, which not only impair the economic interest and state sovereignty of other countries, but is also against the historical trend of liberalization in the international trade, which incarnates extraterritorial application of the American economic sanctions.The economic sanctions against Iraq are the largest since the Cold War. Even though it brings great economic loss to Iraq, it dose not fully realize its policy goal and at last US has to resort to military action to overthrow Saddam administration. The economic sanctions against Iraq prove that economic loss is not adequate to ensure the success of sanctions. The economic sanctions aiming to destroy the security of the target country is sure to be resisted at any cost. Meanwhile, the humanitarian disaster caused by the sanctions leads to deep reflection by the international society.Chapter Five discusses the basic contradictions about American economic sanctions, which covers the contradiction between the political goal and economic welfare, contradiction among the domestic interest groups, contradiction between theunilateral action and the ally interest, contradiction between the domestic policy and the national law. These contradictions actually display the nature of American economic sanctions, that is protecting the hegemony interest of US under the flag of the state interest, delegating the interest of domestic interest groups, especially the interest and will of the monopoly capitalist class. Then the developing trend of American economic sanctions is discussed, which is to emphasize the multilateral mechanism, adopt targeted economic sanctions more in the method to avoid unnecessary contradiction and conflict and reform the relative laws to reduce the harm to America.Chapter Six firstly looks back to the American economic sanctions against China and its impact, then analyzes the economic hidden troubles and possible sanctions threat facing China, on the base of which some suggestions to prevent and resist the possible economic sanctions are provided.
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