| In the early 1990's, the system of privative owner ship of Russia had developed ail-roundly, with the thorough changing of social politics and economical system, its social structure had also changed fiercely: For one thing, the original social community had been destroyed continuously, for another, the new social stratum was taking shape. The Middle class had become the extremely concerning "hot" talk in all walks of life in the interior of Russia in the period of transition."Returning back to the West" was the main stream of consciousness in the transition period in the interior of Russia, the developed western society of middle class had become the "utopia" of many Russians. As a result, the reality of western society had become the future Russia in many people's eyes when they try to find the developing way on the country's future. But the question was that the forming of the Russian middle class was posed from above to bellow regarded as political strategy task, and it was completely different from the west. At the beginning of reform, Gadwall, the representative of the free group political quintessence, tried to establish the social foundation of new political system on behalf of Middle class through the ail-roundly private owner ship, besides, they took the forming and smooth development of Middle class as the important identification of the reform achievement to some extent. The interest and related controverts on the Middle class evoked from this in the Russia homeland.From the research achievements on the Middle class in the interior of Russia, we can see that Russia had suffered unrest for years since 1999, with the effective carrying out of the "new Puking policies", its political order went steadily with each passing day, its economy development walked into right path gradually, and its social structure went stable, too. Meanwhile, the hot talk about Middle class changed slowly from "existence or not" at the beginning of the reform to other parts, such as characteristic, standard and dimension. (Though someone denied Middle class in this period, the voice was weak.) Though the Middle class's existence had been meeting of minds universally, because of the difference between visual angle and method in researching, it was unavoidably lead to divergence and dispute on the problems of the concept, the differentiation criterion, the structure and the quantity of Russian middle class.The aim of this paper was that in the light of the divergence and dispute, combining the social reality of Russia in the period of transition with the social background resembled between Russia and China, drawing support from the first-hand evident materials in Russia domestic. From different visual angles of sociology, politics and history, this paper explored deeply on the problems of division standard, social orientation, political participating degree and its economical state on the problem of modern Middle class of Russia. The paper expected to get the explanation objectively, and it tried to reveal the relationship among the development of Middle class, the transition of state system and the regulation of social policy.On the problem of this paper's background of times, there were four reasons for the author chose the transition period of Russia: first, the year 1992 was the start of Russian liberalization reform or social transition, its traditional systems of socialism politics and economy started to transform, and its social structure changed in pace with it. Second, in the eight years when Yeltsin was in office (1991-1999), the country political and economical system changed most violently, so did its social structure, and the speed of social vertical flowing accelerated. The society went steady in the late of his domination. Third, in the period when Puking takes charge of Russia (2000 to now), the system of market economy had been established on the whole , the state of politics went stable, the international status had some promotion. The changing of social structure became regularly normal and smooth. So far, Russia's social transition had experienced the whole cycle of "stabilization-upturning-stabilization". Fourth, in the background of society transition violently said above, to explore the problem of Middle class, it could not only reveal the relation between the transition of the country's politics and economy and the forming and development of the Middle class, but also judging and summarizing the macroscopic politics and economy transition according to the micro changes. Besides, it could grasp firmly on the Russia's social development in the future.There were seven parts in the paper in which the introduction for a single chapter. Main body included six chapters.Chapter1: introduction. In this part, it mainly elaborated the posing, research meaning and purpose of the theme of the thesis. Combing the research conditions both in homeland and abroad, introducing the thinking, structure and method of the thesis, pointing out the new ideas and its drawbacks of the thesis.Chapter2: the conception of Middle class and the Middle class of Russia. This chapter arranged the social stratification pattern of western sociology and Middle class's conception and connotation macroscopically. It elaborated the history development process of Russian Middle class, and it defined the conception of the Middle class combining with the social characteristics of Russia in the period of transition.Chapter3: the structure characteristic of Russian Middle class in the period of transition. The aim of this chapter was reveal the differences of key element structure and social stratum structure between Russian and western Middle class. Because of the influence of the all-round transition of social politics and economical system, there were kinds of features extraordinarily evident in various kinds of basic structure key elements of Russian Middle class, such as education degree, career position, and income level and having meeting of minds, besides, the difference of its inner social stratum was very clear, too.Chapter4: the social status of Russian Middle class in the period of transition. Through the evident examination and analyzation for the leisure life, value conception, career distribution and culture capital of the Middle class in the period of transition, this chapter tried to verify a point of the big affects on the original social structure because of the social style violently transformed. And it also made a forecast with regard to the Middle class's development potentiality in the future.Chapter5: the economical characteristic of Russian Middle class in the period of transition. In this part, the author made an analyzation and research from the aspects of material life status, economical action and the ability in facing with the economical crisis of the Middle class in order to reveal the Russian Middle class's economical features and developing status in modern times according to the firsthand data in Russian domestic.Chapter6: the political characteristic of Russian Middle class in the period of transition. This chapter revealed the status of social political action of modern Russian Middle class and their affects on modern political life from the aspects of political consciousness and value judgments, political participation and rights-safeguarding consciousness. With regard to the political affects of Middle class, their political inert led to the "rickets" and "aphasia" on the political stage today.Chapter7: the prospects for the development of Russian Middle class. This chapter stress analyzed, expounded and proved the social status and function of the country politics and economical development of the Middle class in the future. Whether the Middle class's could develop healthily and elaborate its function effectively or not depends on the factors of the country's political orientation, economical development level and social development project. The author thought that according to Russia, who had not finished transition, it was very important to develop and enlarge the community of Middle class, or it was impossible for them to enter the mature stage of market economy to accomplish the formidable task of social transition.Russia and China is friendly neighbor, they have the similar social development experience. Regarding with the two country's status, though there are different in route and system, it is important for modern China to research the problem of Russian Middle class in the period of transition not only in the theory, but also in practice.First, through the concrete evidence analyzation and theory search, it was another consulter to China who was also in the period of transition and had the same hot talk of the Middle class, not only because it could make the Chinese Middle class emerging and developing, but also because its meaning in choosing different routes in transition through the different influence of the Middle class's forming, developing and characteristic compared with the reform mode between Russia and China.Second, it had great learning referring value to the academic circles of our country through the topic's research. Through researching the Russian academic cycle's research method, evaluation standard, academic opinion, even kinds of disputes and divergences could provide useful practice and reference to the Middle class in the period of transition of China. In the process of researching, the author looked up many original materials and quoted in the paper. The author hoped that the Russian firsthand materials referenced and quoted could provide meaningful reference for Chinese academic cycle.Recent years, all walks of life of Russian society had emerged many academic and political achievements about Middle class's forming, developing route, judging standard, characteristic of social, political and culture, social function and position, and its special effect in the social stratification. Some learner added up that from 1995-2000, the number of learning papers formally published on the problem of the Middle class in kinds of learning periodicals in Russia had been up to 250. according to authority education website "sociology, economics and management science" learning web, from 1998-2006, there had been more than 1000 articles named "Middle class" in various kinds of main magazines.Recent years, many authority organizations of Russia, such as the Academy of Science Synthetically Social Problem Research Institute of Russia , Academy of Science Sociology Research Institute and All-Russian Social Public Opinion Research Center had made much work on social stratification in the period of transition, especially on the problem of the Middle class's forming and developing, following with many academic achievements, including monographs, articles and research reports which were the important material source of this paper.Compared with the rich research achievements in Russia, there were little achievements on the problem of Russian Middle class in China, especially the systematization research. According to the materials collected by the author from the library of Shandong University, Beijing national library, central translation and edition bureau and Chinese periodical full text data base showed that there were only about 10 related articles formally published in domestic which were almost interpreting works, including translation and edition. Up to now, there had not been a monograph on evaluating Russian Middle class, and the relating research could only be seen in the distinct paragraph or chapter in some learning papers or works.The short of achievements in our country brought difficulties to this topic, yet left a vast space to us, too.During the year 1995-1998 and 2002-2003, the author had been studying abroad and visiting in Russia for a very long time when he personally felt the great affects on the change of social structure made by the privation reform of Russia, and he also collected many firsthand materials. In the period of paper writing, the author red many papers, monographs, research papers and government documentaries by internet, he classified, concluded, arranged and integrated many research achievements on the Middle class in the period of transition in Russian academic cycle, mean while, he consulted other learners' opinions and research methods of other countries.The author insisted on the principle and method below from beginning to end during the process of writing.First, insisting on the basic principle of seeking truth from fact, dialectical analyzation, with the opinion of all-roundness, connection and development to research the problem of Russian Middle class. The Middle class has a clear characteristic of culture background and time and space difference, the intention and extension maybe change with the changing of culture background, time and place.Second, using the method of combining concrete evidence analyzation with theory exploration. To research the problem of social structure like the Middle class not only need large concrete evidences aad kinds of data, but also be familiar with the basic knowledge of sociology. The former was basis, the later was director.Last, using the method of combining theory with cases. The development of Russia's history, culture and society was a peculiar existence connected to the background of world culture and European history. Only combining the classic theory of western Middle class with Russian cases, according to the conditions of Russia, grasping firmly the essence of Middle class could they get the conclusion conform to the reality.The Russia today were still in the period of transition, the forming and developing of the Middle class were still changing continuously because of many factors. It was difficult to do research when facing with the changing object and newly arising conditions and problems. Meanwhile, there were some drawbacks owing to the author's weak essentials of basic training in theory and ability. And the author could make great effort in correct these drawbacks in the future. The author here earnestly requests the directors and learners put forward some precious advice on his growth and learning development. The author could try his best to revise and consummate in his research work in the future. At the same time, the author cordially hoped that he could make a little meager contribution to the research in the problem of social transition of Russia through researching in this topic.
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