From Speculative Justice To Practical Justice

Generally, the human life requires three conditions:"our intelligent inherence satisfied, our body's external enjoyment, and wealth holding which we gain by industrious and lucky."The concepts of these there conditions respectively corresponding are the need of people's dignity, the need of people's free and the need of people's equality occupy to external matter. In these three, only the last one,"not only vulnerable to deprive but also transfer without loss or change, in the meantime, this wealth is insufficient in quantity to supply each person's desire. Therefore, increase the supply of such wealth is the primary component of social benefits; Corresponding to this, this lack of wealth and ownership of social instability is the main predicament. "Ancient China also had this kind of view: "Shortage is not a problem, with uneven; Inequality is not a problem, suffering from slavery.""Scarcity" (physical conditions deficiency), it constitutes a justice of the objective conditions. The man's survival depends on certain material resources, and lack of natural resources has attracted considerable attention to the issue of the allocation, justice issues attendant Health. If human nature for the material abundance that everyone, no matter how greedy it is , and can be fully met, in this happy society, justice is not necessary. Therefore, the outside of the "little" and constituted a just settlement of the issue of objective conditions.Exactly be under"scarcity"condition, because of external and the private possession, so the phenomena of"uneven"and"slavery"could happen, then create a real or potential conflict of interest between individuals or groups. The aim for justice is to stop and the balance through these conflicts in order to maintain social order and achieve happiness and safety. Therefore, to meet people's minds (from uneven) and freedom (from slavery) is a justice issue subjective conditions.Justice is a historical name. Justice concept formation and the private property appearing are relevant. Max said, it is the outcome under"people's independent character being a basis in the dependence with the thing"state. The only thing it had to solve in the real life is equality and freedom.Longitudinal history of the development of the theory of justice, we can see that it is "little", "uneven" and "slavery" constitutes a justice issue among all the details, all the justice theory around these three issues will start."Scarcity", "uneven" and "slavery", the relationship among them is very delicate, with regard to this relationship of the three different ways, pronouncedly different concept of justice. Justice from the entire history of the development of the theory, the way to resolve the problem of justice, can be divided into two types: One is the use speculative methods, the other is a practice approach. I call it speculative justice and practice justice.Speculation that the concept of justice, "little" (material deprivation), as the objective conditions insurmountable circumstances, or that material information in the private possession of maintaining the legitimacy premise, in order to solve the problem of justice, only people from the settlement of the equal (uneven) and freedom (slavery) start. In accordance with the different historical conditions, the survival of the different state, the theme of justice and large speculative endured by the settlement of "uneven" (equality) issues most important task, to solve the "slavery (freedom)" as a prerequisite for such a process.Before ancient Greece and the enlightenment campaign, as productive forces is underdevelopment, what making justice become necessary objective condition is the material resources insufficiency. Justice's main effect is the allocation"of the external", under the lack of external circumstance, it is a problem to justice for how to solve the problem of external performances in the possession unequal. To solve the unequal possession, the channel is based on the moral principle, through moral education to enhanced people's personal virtues, thereby removed people's selfishness (egotism), then realized of universal benevolence and proceeded to achieve happiness.But in the middle ages, the justice of the theologians is God, the human's happiness can only acquire in the other shore world which converted to God. To the modern times,, the natural law scientists then inclined to expand the just principle from rational and abstract human nature .The improvement of human nature and characters promotion can resolve the justice problem.If before enlightenment campaign philosopher's formulation about justice as one kind of the particular body, or emphasizing individual's virtue, then from Kant it emphasizing on morality principle. Both individual recognize and morality principle, they are all"the explanation of the world", so it is one kind of"speculative justice". Speculative justice is one kind of ntology justice, is the justice on"idea"significance, they think all object in the world is relative in experience world, only the knowledge in idea world is the truth, therefore speculative is one kind of abstract to the experience world, it is the idea of rationality and logic closing develop. It is a kind of"self", that is, their own self-concept of existence, it must show that the thing itself"should be"condition. It is shown for the category, concept or absolute idea, it is totally divorced from daily life of the world, it is one kind of logical deduction between the purely concept. Such justice has only logic regulation, it appears in the not being experience in the history, not from the reality to gets its significance. It only manifested as a kind of transcend reality on the pursuit of the ideal.With the development of society, science and technology obtained the considerable progress, social wealth extremely large flow. The abundant of external did not bring about people's freedom and liberity. People's unequal possession has not only solved, but in a state that people dependence on the thing which was built by themselves. Since the way analyzing mentally is helpless, so the real problem had to solve by reality way.This one practice concept, directing, behavior in reality are two kinds of forms:The first directing are productive work, it must solve the relationship between man and nature, only in the understanding of nature and transforming natural process, it can grasp the law of nature, so as to create the possibility of material information, therefore, the purpose of this practice is to solve the material information that people's need to survive. That is the reason we must address justice objective conditions - the material conditions of scarcity, that is, "scarcity." "Thanks to this activity, this continuous emotional labor and the creation of this production, the reality is the whole world is a very profound emotional basis."("The Complete Works of the Isle of Man," Volume 3, 50) The second performance of practice is revolutionary. Its purpose is to resolving the relation between different people, resolving social normal problem. This practice of justice, in accordance with the thorough reform of the system or not, can be divided into two forms of revolution and improvement.Marx believed that social inequalities caused by slavery and the people is the fundamental reason why the capitalist system of private ownership, only to break with the existing development of the productive forces to meet the needs of the old relations of production and completely overthrow the capitalist system, and on this basis, the establishment of communism, the achievement of comprehensive human-outbound and equality can be. Therefore, Marx said: "In fact, the practice materialist, communists, all of the issues so that the existing world is revolutionizing. Practical things change and against the status quo. "("The Complete Works of the Isle of Man,"Volume 3, 48)Here the "existing world" refers to a people's world, referring to the human society. he leather. Whose life? He Leather is the old production relations, the system of private ownership and alienation of human inequality is not free life. In order to realize this revolution, it would need to use the public ownership of means of production to replace the capitalist private ownership of means of production, employing the full emancipation and development to solve the old production relations of human alienation, thus achieving the true freedom and equality. This equality and freedom and the necessary protection system is communism.Marxism is the practice from the start, the source of wealth through the community and the public the analysis reveals the human inequality is the source of alienation and exploitation. And through the development of the social and historical research, the reason that justice can not solve the root of the problem lies in the capitalist system of private ownership, therefore, is to resolve the issue of achieving justice for freedom, equality and liberation, must pass the proletarian revolution to overthrow the capitalist system, the establishment of communism, it to achieve equality and freedom, so that justice issues have been completely resolved.Marx's practice of justice, it is in this historic event to create production, development and the future may continue to open new space, only practice, we can really make people in the history of their own self-imposed and self-development as freedom, consciously, since the presence of. As a practical activities of the free and conscious activities, and it is always for the transformation of the world and denying the existing situation, with the world constantly towards the aim of the pursuit of ideals and values in the direction of "The world can not meet the people, must use their own action to transform the world." Ultra people have in practice the original restrictions, the pursuit of a better life, and create their own value and strength of the trend.While Rawls Nuoaike and other contemporary Western political philosopher, is seen in the state of alienation Marxist revolutionary practice to the Western bourgeois theories might put impact on the existing system, no change in the retention of the existing private ownership under the premise that by virtue of hope "as a fair justice", and is based on system and the principle that through the allocation of justice and procedural justice, from the top-level system modified to achieve a reasonable distribution of the means of production, so as to achieve the existing relations of production in the relative freedom and equality.Because the starting point is different, these two kinds of way to handle the problem is different, the former based on themselves, throw the original political system, set up a new political system, entirely suitable for the people to survive, putting into effect is one kind of the revolution coming from below that some come up to grow significance says, is to extant justice theory exceeding.The latter is based on the existing system, in the interest of maximizing capitalism on the premise, the implementation is one kind of top-down improvement.