Gong And Si Law: The State Regime Construction From The Perspective Of The Village

This thesis narrates mainly changes of rural primary governance model during more than sixty years since the founding of Yue Ping county in Hu Bei province,and explores the social base of building the most primary governance system for solving effectively the problem about the relationship between the state and peasants.Gong and Si represent not only a view, a concept, a set of rules, but also the force of local cultural identity which can shape the social order, affecting the changes of primary governance model and deciding on the trend of state regime construction.The study introduces the analysis concept of "Da Si" which attempt to construct an ideal schema for understanding peasants'concept of Gong and Si, and considers that clans and clan-based villages are an important "Da Si" unit of peasants'identity since Song dynasty. It obstructed the direct link between the state and farmers, shaped peasants'daily political character of specialism logic, and made possible the traditional peasants'action logic being collectivism that they pay more attention to group but less to individuals, which caused state regime construction originated over a hundred years ago have to face the political and social trust situation of peasants " with clan identity but no national identity".This thesis proposes the analysis concept of "Gong and Si order", explores the social order formation mechanism of the public domain and private domain as well as the order undertaking and conversing mechanism between them from the perspective of peasants'Gong and Si concept. The public domain absent in the mind of traditional peasants is recognized increasingly by modern peasants, in which laws and regulations, system, policy of universalism logic prevail; The private domain is daily political practice field of the individual and clan carrying the faith and secular life of farmers and forging continually farmers'behavior logic with a specialism orientation, which forms the social basis of state regime building. The order mechanism of the public domain and private domain is dualism, so it is a significant practical problem for state regime phased construction how to adapt the needs of situation development to build order undertaking and conversing mechanism.The paper considers that the ideal mechanism of Gong and Si order takes rural grass-roots organizations as the national carrier, transforms endogenous authority naturally occurring in the village for grassroots cadres with intervention "public" identity who are admitted and are accepted by the system through the legitimate authority, so that the grassroots power subjects possess "the legitimacy of state authority and peasants' spontaneous identity" and the dual power property of "xiao Gong" and "da Si",which can use flexibly the governance skills such as "changing Gong to Si" and "complementing Gong with Si" in the practice of primary governance to transform laws and regulations, systems and policies to be operated by state universalism logic into local norms accepted by peasants. The ideal mechanism of Gong and Si order can complete successive tasks and objectives in the process of national modernization and maintain a relatively stable and harmonious rural order.The thesis takes the Gong and Si order as theoretical analysis framework and divides the history of revolution, construction and development in Tie Shan district under the leadership of Communist Party of China into four stages:establishing "da Gong", eliminating "da Si", rescuing "xiao Si"; establishing "da Gong", eliminating "da Si", restraining "xiao Si"; establishing "da Gong", restraining "da Si", valuing "xiao Si"; establishing "da Gong", valuing "da Si", balancing "xiao Si". Therefore, Gong and Si law is the general law of state regime construction from the perspective of village, whether what the stage goal of state regime construction is, as long as the farmers'consciousness of clan identity does not disappear completely, the state must establish the most primary governance subject on the basis of integrating fully farmers'internal resources for breaking the alien relationship between "Gong" and "Si" and linking up "Gong" of the state and "Si" of peasants, so that "xiao Gong" and " Da Si" can be integrated to construct the most effective grass-roots governance. It is proved that, at any time the political system transform in rural areas once departing from the connotation of Gong and Si law, and trying to construct governance mechanism of "xiao Gong " staying away from "da Si' or making aquatic resources within the village lose the value of governance, the regime construction will take a detour, grass-roots governance will be in trouble, the local social order is difficult to get the basic guarantee.