Prediction And Intervention Of Young Athletes' Sportsmanship Orientation

Young peoples' sport in physical education and organised sport is assumed to provide a vehicle for learning to cooperate with teammates, negotiate and reach solutions for moral conflicts, develop self-control, display courage, and learn virtues such as fairness, team loyalty and persistence. Today, however, numerous reports of immoral conduct in sport question this perception of sport as a builder of character. It is easy to find stories of aggressive behaviour and acts of cheating at nearly all levels of sport participation, and there is evidence that a great deal of illegal aggressive behaviour in sport goes completely unpenalised.These frequent unsportsmanlike behaviors will not only violate the major idea of physical education, but also enable young people produce negative experience in sports, then result in decreasing levels of youth sports participation or completely withdraw from sport. Therefore, how to promote Youth Sports participants'sportsmanship, and make them form positive sports experience, has become an important topic that many politicians, educators and sports psychologists concerned about. In view of this Point, based on Social-psychological theory, using a combination of Questionnaire and field experiments, this study mainly discuss sportsmanship orientation's structure of our nation's youngster, and analyze the effect of various variables predict on sportsmanship orientation dimensions from individual dispositional and situational factors, Finally, test the impact of mastery -oriented motivational climate on sportsmanship orientation though experimental intervention. The conclusions were as following:(1) Revised《Multidimensional Sportsmanship Orientation Scale》include five dimensions:"social conventions", "the rules and the officials", "full commitment", "respect for opponents" and "Instrumental aggression", a total of 25 items, the reliability and validity of the scale is satisfactory, and it can be used as effective tool to measure Sportsmanship for young athletes.(2) The main and interactive effect of individual dispositional and situational variables on sportsmanship orientations. Individual dispositional variables have significantly predictive effect on various sportsmanship orientation dimensions. Task orientation could positively predict "social conventions", "the rules and the officials" and "full commitment" dimension, negatively predict "Instrumental aggression" dimension. Ego orientation could negatively predict "social conventions", "the rules and officials" and "full commitment" and "respect for opponents," dimension; Perceived ability could positively predict "social conventions", "the rules and officials" and "full commitment" and "respect for opponents" dimension, negatively predict "Instrumental aggression" dimension. Situational variables have significantly predictive effect on various sportsmanship orientation dimensions. Mastery-oriented motivational climate could positively predict "social conventions", "the rules and officials" and "full commitment" and "respect for opponents" dimension; Performance-oriented motivational climate could negatively predict "social conventions" and "the rules and officials" dimension; Peer acceptance can negatively predict "respect for opponents" dimension. Ego orientation and mastery-oriented climate have significantly interactional influence on "social conventions". Mastery-oriented climate can moderate the effects of ego orientation on "social conventions". Young players with high mastery-oriented climate and low ego orientation profiles have higher levels of "social conventions" than players with other motivational profiles; Ego orientation and performance- oriented climate have significantly interactional influence on "full commitment". Performance-oriented climate can moderate the effects of ego orientation on "full commitment". Young players with low performance -oriented climate and low ego orientation profiles have higher levels of "full commitment" than players with other motivational profiles; Ego orientation and perceived ability have significantly interactional influence on "Instrumental aggression". Perceived ability can moderate the effects of ego orientation on "Instrumental aggression". Young players with low ego orientation and high perceived ability profiles have lower levels of "Instrumental aggression" than players with other motivational profiles.(3) The students' athletes, who receive teaching strategy of TARGET Structures (experimental groups), perceived themselves as being more mastery-oriented climate, The high mastery-oriented climate of the intervention group was followed by changes in the levels of dispositional task orientation, no significant change was found for performance-oriented climate and ego orientation. Mastery-oriented motivational climate have positive impact on sportsmanship, After experimental intervention, students'athletes experience higher level of sportsmanship, Post-test scores of "social conventions", "the rules and the officials", "full commitment" and "respect for opponents" were significantly higher than that of the control groups and pre-test, Post-test scores of "Instrumental aggression" were significantly lower than that of the control groups and pre-test. There were no significant differences in sportsmanship between the two genders...