A Study On Cultural Morphology Of Wushu In Ming And Qing Dynasty And Its Value

From the view of cultural morphology, this dissertation has studied the Wushu culture in Ming and Qing dynasty (MQD), which purpose is to reveal that in what cultural morphology Wushu has existed during MQD, taker, as an "Axial Period", and that what value has the Ming and Qing Wushu held, in order to understand Wushu in deeper level and provide some advice for the development of Wushu. Through documentary, expert interview, field study, and comparative analysis, three levels of morphology of Wushu culture in MQD——material and technique, system and custom, thought and spirit——and its conditions and agents have been researched respectively.The morphology of material and technique is the foundation of existence of Wushu culture in MQD. During the Middle and Late Ming dynasty, there have existed some books on fighting techniques, and some with pictures; some Wushu pithy formulas have been spread widely. The basic structure of Wushu technique in MQD is "Shi", with forms of demonstration and competition; the technique system of boxing and weapons has been shaped, bearing a characteristic of variety. The morphology of material also includes weapons, costumes and venues. The material and technique has two conditions of existence, which are military and civilian, with a change from the former to the latter. The morphology of system and custom is the guarantee of the formation of Wushu culture in MQD. Official managing systems consist of pass-and-learn in military, military official selecting, and local military. They take serious control of soldiers, leading to standardization and simplification of Wushu technique. Civil managing customs comprise pass-and-learn through blood relationship, via geography, and by profession. Among these, the one via geography, not only maintaining characteristic of a certain boxing style, but also making it develop and innovate, is the core system. The morphology of thought and spirit is the dynamic of the development of Wushu culture in MQD. Wushu body-outlook in MQD is a combination of Wushu and traditional Chinese thoughts and central idea of the shape of Wushu culture in MQD. The Wushu though in MQD, influenced by "Western Learning","Real Learning","Chinese Medicine", has experienced a process from initialization to ripeness, and finally formed the Wuology. The morality in MQD includes the one in learn-and-pass, during competition and by utilization; and the beauty in MQD is composed of the internal image and external feel. The conditions and agents of the formation of Wushu culture in MQD contains the small-peasant economy, the social division of labor, smelting technique, thriving of firearms, papermaking technology, and printing, which belong to the aspect of material; management of military drill, policy of prohibition of practicing Wushu, political situation of internal and external troubles, which pertain tc the aspect of society and system;"sludies of Chinese ancient civilization","Real Learning","Western Learning", which are part of the aspect thought and spirit.Based on understanding Wushu culture in MQD, this article has further explored its three values. In the aspect of history, Wushu culture in MQD not only stays in the mature stage during the evolution of Wushu culture, but also lies in the axial period in the course of development of human fighting culture. In the aspect of width, a good number of values are held by the three cultural morphologies. In the aspect of depth, the fighting technique is humanized. The relevption of the values of Wushu culture in MQD is, on the premise of promoting to "studies of Chine ancient civilization", and utilizing the intrinsic way of thinking (Wushu body-outlook in MQD), to enrich the theory and thoughts of "humanized fighting technique", in order to get Wushu developed itself.