| In recent years, rural public goods problem is one of the hotspots of theoretical research, it illustrates the importance and urgency of the issue. Since the reform and opening up, our country has been adhering to the "Giving priority to efficiency, Consideration to fairness" distribution principle. Under the guidance of this principle, the reform and opening up has made great achievements. However, accompanied by increased levels of economic development, more and more uneven economic and social development level revealed and exposed a growing number of social conflicts. The non-equalization of the public goods supply is one important manifestation of China's unbalanced economic and social development. This is not only contrary to the essential characteristic of a socialist society----"to eliminate exploitation and polarization, and ultimately achieve common prosperity ", but also has serious negative impact on the economic development. Therefore, the Seventeenth National Congress clearly states: "to promote social system reform, expand public services, improve social management and promote social equity and justice, make all people have education, employment, medical, pension, and housing, to build a harmonious society ". The Third Plenary Session of the Seventeenth takes "promoting the equalization of basic public services in urban and rural areas" as one of the basic objectives in 2020's rural reform. In 2010, the Fifth Plenary Session of the Seventeenth passed the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan Proposal", it clearly illustrated that in order to ensure and improve people's livelihood, our country must improve the basic public service system, improve the ability of the Government's protection and promote the equalization of basic public services in the next five years. This series of major policies have shown that improving the level of rural public goods supply and achieving equalization of public services has become one of the core tasks in the future economic and social development. To study this theory has important theoretical and practical significance. During the process of analyzing the rural public goods in China, the doctor thesis used the following research methods:1. Comparison method. Through the historical comparison, urban and rural areas comparison, domestic and international comparison, describes the aspects of rural public goods supply system with Chinese characteristics. These aspects include the rationality, historical evolution, characteristics, defects and countermeasures to improve the system.2. Historical research methods. Reviewed the history and changes of rural public goods supply system, described rural public goods supply system was unfair, which damaged the interests of farmers. To some extent, it hindered the economic and social development. However, the choice of system then was in line with national development strategies, and laid the basis for national economic development, enhanced the comprehensive national strength. Therefore, in the process of urban and rural developing together and industry supporting agriculture, to achieve the fair and just treatment to agriculture, rural areas and farmers, it is necessary to improve the rural public goods supply system, but also construct a dollar urban and rural public product supply system.3. Empirical research methods. Empirical research methods include data collection methods and data analysis methods. The thesis formulates the problem by means of empirical analysis. By consulting domestic and foreign literature, collecting all kinds of survey data, master the theory of dynamic domestic and international public goods and government policy trends, understand the relevant data, review the domestic and international literature systematically, and find the existing problems and solutions.The overall framework of the thesis is divided into six parts, start as following logical structure:Chapter I is the introduction. It introduces the reasons of choosing this topic from empirical and theoretical background, theoretical and practical significance, and the main innovation.Chapter II is the theoretical analysis. According to the research need of China's rural public goods supply system, analyzed from the different theoretical perspectives, summarized and refined the relevant basic theory.1. Theory of public goods. It includes Marxist theory of public goods and western public goods theory. Although Marxist classical writers didn't specifically propose the concept of public goods, but there was rich public goods thought in their political economics. It explained the reasons for the existence of public goods, the essence, classification and mode of supply and demand of the public goods from the unique perspective. It was the theoretical basis and the guiding philosophy of China's public goods theory and practice. More complete western public goods theory achieved fruitful results in terms of supply and demand mechanism, operating mechanism, evaluation and incentive mechanism, etc.2. Regime change theory. It included Marxist theory of institutional change and new institutional economics theory of institutional change. Marxist theory of institutional change adheres to the "Productivity - the relations of production" analysis framework, puts the realistic economic phenomena and economic activities into certain economic relations and economic systems, links to the economic development with the development and changes of economic system. It regards productivity and economic development as the final determining factor of the economic systems evolution, believes that any socio-economic system has a production and development process, and certainly dies out under certain conditions, reveals the economic system's objective law of development and changes by the view of historical materialism. New institutional economics thinks that there are a variety of institutional arrangements which provide specific system services. The effective institutional arrangement is a kind of institutional arrangement that benefits highest or costs lowest. But even if effective institutional arrangements will occur to decreasing efficiency over time and changes in the environment, so the institutional change is difficult to avoid. Institutional change is the system's substitution, transformation and transaction. It can be understood as a process that a more effective system replace another system. It can also be understood as a production process of more effective system, and can also be interpreted as trading activities between people to improve the institutional structure process. China is in a time of institutional change, new and old system transition has a strong need to the change theory of mature economic system. Marxist theory of institutional change and new institutional economics theory of institutional change have a strong restructuring practice guidance and explanatory power to the reform practice in China. Researching on China's rural public goods system is benefit for shortening the painful transition period, reducing the cost of reform.Chapter III is the part of historical review. It elaborated China's rural public goods supply system in Commune Period, from household contract responsibility system to rural tax reform and after rural tax reform period. In Commune Period, our country was in the initial stage of industrialization and was short of primitive accumulation of capital. Our country can't provide rural residents with large-scale basic rural public goods, took a series of administrative measures to promote self-supply of public goods in rural communities. Commune was the management of the main of community public goods supply, self-produced, self-commitment. Collective interest was above all else, demand and decision-making was typical of the top-down collective will. Dual-channel mode to raise funds, raising funds outside the system (non-financial) occupied a very important position. Under the household contract responsibility system, agricultural production changed to the family-run and market, rural farmers became new micro-economic subjects. However, the expression mechanism of the peasants demand for public goods was still not established, continued to extend the supply of top-down decision-making during the people's communes. Raising funds of public goods was more dependent on foreign sources, mainly came from the rural labor force share of the "three deductions" and "two jobs ", the farmers became the holders of rural public goods. During the household contract responsibility system, the production and management of rural public goods were no longer single, diversified trend was clearly. Because rural tax reform is of the milestone meaning in rural economic and social development, it divides an important stage of development. After rural tax reform, farmers have a major shift in demand-expressing and decision-making for the need of rural public goods. The village committee "of a proposed" system reflects the bottom-up development trends. With the establishment of national public finance framework, farm-oriented national policies, funds of rural public goods mainly come from the state finance. The government has become the real subject supplying rural public goods. Our country is gradually building the new framework of rural public goods supply, which is government-led, with public finances as the main support, diversification in the supply.Chapter IV is the part of the current situation and system analysis. Since the founding of the People's Republic, we have made remarkable achievements in rural infrastructure, in rural compulsory education, in rural medical and health services, in rural old-age security, etc. But there are many obvious problems, on the whole, rural public goods is insufficient in number and the quality is not high, with inefficient supply; Supply structure is irrational, with the obvious contradiction between supply and demand; Supply is not fair, urban-rural gap, regional disparity is evident. In the multiple factors of affecting rural public goods supply, development strategies and related institutional arrangements since the founding of the People's Republic is important. The binary system that trends to urban and industrial development strategies is the main reason which makes rural public goods supply insufficient and Urban and rural areas unfair. Dual household registration system, dual price system, dual tax system and dual financial system solidify the urban-rural social structure. The government implement "turnkey" system to the urban public goods, government is absent in rural public goods supply, and doesn't assume the responsibility should be affordable. The existing system of rural public goods supply is not complete, which is the root causes leading to the plight of rural public goods supply. Such as farmers' demand expression is inadequate, rural public goods that urgently needed is in short supply, the supply of public goods that farmers do not need is excess, the contradiction between supply and demand is obvious.Chapter V is the part of the foreign comparative reference. With the development of economic globalization, China's rural economy will integrate into the international market. By comparison, our rural public goods' supply level has a large gap with developed countries, some aspects even are lower than the world average. Therefore, a substantial increase in supply of rural public goods has become an urgent requirement. The public goods supply system in typical developed and developing countries provides reference for building Chinese characteristics rural public goods supply system. Including actively cultivating multiple subjects of rural public goods supply which is government-led; protect rural basic education and vocational and technical education; Focus on building rural social security system; promote the development of agricultural science and technology; develop various types of rural cooperative organizations, etc.Chapter VI is the part of institutional innovation. Considering the existing problems in rural public goods supply system, including demand expression mechanism, decision-making mechanism, raising funds mechanisms, production and management mechanisms, conduct institutional reconstruction and innovation combined with the relevant theory. Correspondingly, improving rural public product supply system needs corresponding measures: to improve the rural public finance system; to accelerate the administrative reform of township; to perfect village autonomy; to reform the division of urban and rural household registration system, etc.The thesis tries to achieve innovations in two aspects:1. The thesis outlined China's rural public goods system and its evolution path from different angles, using various analytical methods and tools. Elaborating the system performance and problems of rural public goods system, aims to illustrate that rural public goods system is a part of Chinese model, is an operation system that a traditional agricultural country under the socialist system to upgrade their industrial strength, improve the public welfare, is the rural public goods supply system with Chinese characteristics.2. In the course of institutional analysis of rural public goods, the thesis makes the further distinction between the decision-making mechanism and the expression mechanism of rural public goods supply. In fact, the expression of the farmers' needs preferences for rural public goods is that farmers stated their demand for rural public goods through various means, which must be in the legal and ethical constraints. It determines whether the decision-making of public goods supply is fair and scientific. In the process of building a moderately prosperous society in China, improving people's livelihood is important. Only concerned to achieving people's demand preferences can we implement to improve people's livelihood. It also is an important aspect of implementing people-centered scientific concept of development.
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