Economic Theory Research Of Escaping From Poverty

Economic Theory Research of Escaping from PovertyAlong with the spiral-shaped development of man history, Poverty and wealth accompanies with each other, how to cast off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity into the penetration becomes most basic humanity goal。Pay more attention to ponder and research poverty in economic society, can manifest the humanity regard achievement sober, simultaneously, maintain yearn for eternal fervor for"the affluent society","the happy society", impel the human culture to develop forward unceasingly。In this paper impoverished is defined as income, humanity and society impoverished。Lack of current capacity receive causes the wealth storage quantity insufficiency, income impoverished is accepted directly in three kind of impoverished and is also the most easy the direct-viewing measure and the judgment。The income impoverished refers to the lack of the lowest level the enough income or the disbursement。The income"lack"the degree becomes criterion and standard of judging impoverished。The humanity impoverished is refers to lacks of the basic person's ability, such as illiteracy, malnutrition, deficient sanitary condition, mean lifetime short and so on。World Bank once was"lacks the impoverished limits achieves the lowest level of living ability"in 1990。The society impoverished is one kind of social relations property rights insufficiency, displays the human in the economic society lacking of gain, exchange, application and creation knowledge and information ability generally, or lacking of right, opportunity and way to obtain this ability, but this kind of knowledge and ability may take to many possibilities which casts off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity personally。What the society impoverished more is by the social factor, specially the institutional factor decision, like national system, international environment, historical culture and so on, this is take the social relations as"the capital"lacking。Impoverished because of income, humanity and social synthesis is a compound concept, not only concerned individual, but also society; simultaneously"impoverished"is also the time concept which an evolution evolves, not only manifests in one point in time, but should put to certain historical period in carefully examines and studies。The gap between rich and poor is refers to the public wealth disparity difference of each members of different social classes locate the concrete social politics about economical, cultural and environmental aspect's status。The gap between rich and poor has index number called Gini Coefficient。The Gini's coefficient (Gini Coefficient) was proposed by Italian economist Guinea in 1922 which is an important analysis target the quantitative determination division of income difference degree, internationally used for the comprehensive survey resident interior division of income difference condition。Its economical meaning is: the percentage of using in carrying on the equal distribution that part of income to account for gross income in the complete resident receives。The world impoverished people total quantity presents tendency increases, the impoverished condition has not had the effective improvement。The gap between rich and poor is getting bigger and bigger。The impoverished question has the globalized tendency。How to treat worker's poverty, this is the important watershed in Marxism economic and a capitalism economic。The Marxism economists stand in poor person's standpoint to study the poor person to cast off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity, the bourgeoisie economists stand in rich person's standpoint to study to let the rich person on rich be richer。The modern times world economics history reveals bourgeoisie how to embark to make the work, the land and the capital these three kind of element of production from pursues the self-profit to realize the optimal fit, produces the greatest output, was the human society producing for the production, creating its before time to be unable to imagine, and unequalled wealth。Meanwhile the capitalist mode of production has also created the unprecedented wealth polarization。Rich person's wealth accumulation and poor person's impoverished accumulation advances in unison。All bourgeoisie economists can not acknowledge the recognition the poverty, but they stand in bourgeoisie's standpoint, thought that worker's poverty is the perfectly justified matter, this is also not worth sympathizing, also not change。The 18th century's bourgeoisie economist nearly stand in bourgeoisie's standpoint, some promoted rich and poor coexisting is the natural law views vigorously, let the poor person be servile obeys the so-called God's arrangement; some indulge in unbridled propaganda must make the rich person to be rich, must let the poor person poor undisguised exploitation rational fallacy; Some clamor poverty relief to destroy the natural harmony unexpectedly and exquisite; Certainly, also some to the poor person expressed poorly a sympathy, proposed the civilized order requests the rich person to cause the poor person to be in peaceful and comfortable and the loose membership opinion, its goal also is only to relax the realistic public wealth polarization the contradiction and to the wealthy social stratum latent threat。Buajierbeier about the country impoverished is the government economic policy fault related theory content is very rich。Smith , the British renowned economist, the bourgeoisie classical political economy's representative personage, who is called father of the economic by the Western economical theorists。His famous work "National wealth Discussed" elaborated individual and the national becoming rich basic principle scientifically, at the same time also elaborated individual and the national impoverished reason lay in the land and other properties private, lay in the government through the law to difference of the rich and poor protection。Keynes believed that the completely laissez-faire is basic reason which the worker is unemployed, the division of income uneven。Keynes also believed that reduces difference of the rich and poor key measure, is to strengthen government's tax administration, establish the competition principle, develop stock economy。These positions also have certain reference value today。Keynes not only pointed out that the capitalist society division of income is uneven, moreover also proposed the reduction wealth assignment uneven ways。He believed that the government may reduce the division of income through the tax policy and the monetary policy to be uneven。Contemporary economic Master Galbraith in his representative works "Affluent society" proposed concept called"the affluent society", had reflected fully the poverty which the nowadays West economists attention and research about impoverished questions, analyzed today world, specially comprehensively the developed country faces the reality which and still existed。Two elementary theories Marx's "Das Kapital" elaborated are the labor theory of value and the surplus theory of value。Theoretically the explanation worker's poverty does not lie in the pardoned crime, but lies in is eliminated; the capitalist abundant is not stems from the day to bestow, but lies in plunder。Marx also utilized massive vivid fact exposed wealthiest Britain's worker-peasant masses' poverty in the past。Marx's impoverished theory to China which cast off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity has the practical significance。Current China has Britain's poverty which impoverished and Marx describes, in certain aspects, has the astonishing similarity。We must give the full value。Actually, these two kind of systems of ownership in the modern society, nearly are mix in all countries, but this is only the primary mixed economy。The high-level mixed economy is individual ownership's mixed economy, is the true stock system economy which Marx said above the public ownership system foundation。This kind of mix is not two kind of different system of ownership's machinery mixed, but is two kind of different system of ownership's organic mixed, what this kind of mix emphasis is the high unification。In our country, because the accumulation of capital, the capital operation, the increase in capital becomes reasonably legitimate, the capital displays fully to economic development's positive role, the capital also obviously displays to the social stability harmonious destruction。Simultaneously some not harmonious phenomenon also along with it production, becomes the Chinese current impoverished problem the principal contradiction, is also the Chinese surplus impoverished production principal factor。Regarding a country and the nationality, if do not have the right to subsistence, other all without knowing where to begin mention, the old China's poverty is precisely the right to subsistence crisis。"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" thought that everybody is authorized to enjoy the life, the freedom and the personal safety。In old China, as a result of imperialism's aggression, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism's oppression, people's life did not have safeguards, the dead is countless because of chaos caused by war hunger and cold。How to strive for the right to subsistence become the human rights question which historically the Chinese people must first want to solve, is also the old China's impoverished root。Before new China was established, the China social economy serious lag the world economic development which eagerly anticipates in the Industrial Revolution, sealed up the backward natural economy; politics is unstable, the current political situation was turbulent; semi-colonial, plundered; war。The economic frictions more displayed in the country and the people plunder the influence with inside and outside in the opposition。The whole impoverished existed with the rich and poor gap, the country occupied the economical collapse edge, the people had no means to make a living。In the synthesis, we may draw the conclusion: a country, area and respective individual, regardless of how rich is the natural resource , how does the history accumulate richly, how urgent are the people to live stable happy life's desire, so long as the national independence, the nationality not unified, politics is unstable, will have casting off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity in the true sense。However in a school of lively behind, the calm ponder is necessary, Today impoverished question of China has not eliminated, but by universal has had the radical change impoverished, day by day is unevenly prominent take the rich and poor as representative's new impoverished question, and the sharp forms contrast with the economical high speed development。At present China remained saves the stricken people the scale to be very still big。The Chinese surplus stricken people's distribution has the greatly strengthened region directive property and the centralized distributed characteristic, the major part distributes in the mid-west, especially countryside。Had not obtained adequate solution while the countryside impoverished question, the cities impoverished question not only appears, moreover its scale is getting bigger and bigger, thus causes the trend of development which the Chinese present countryside impoverished question and the cities impoverished question present are in inverse proportion。The gap between rich and poor enlarges and has become the prominent contradiction。Our country poverty relief development work has the new tendency。The average per person wealth's insufficiency and gap between rich and poor's enlargement is the mainly impoverished that China faces nowadays , the population question, the land and the resources questions, the environment question, three agricultural questions, the unemployment and the urban impoverished question and the economical movement could not avoid completely the right to seek the phenomenon to facilitate make up this extremely realistic new impoverished question together, this is the biggest barrier that Chinese economy wants to maintain the health sustained development , also occupies the new historical period, new"cast off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity"the topic facing the new economical macroscopic objective environment。Along with the national unification and living conditions of the people generally change to good, the Chinese economy continues the fast growth basic solution universal impoverished question, impoverished more and more displays for the gap between rich and poor bringing about relatively impoverished, its emerge also gradually primarily transforms by the domestic and foreign factor combined action to the country internal factor。Along with more and more serious rich and poor differentiation which take individual as representative,"relatively impoverished"becomes the social focal point and the stabilizing factor, regardless of being the population question or the resources question, is the question which in the final analysis the property rights and the assignment uneven produce。Each kind of element of production property rights which the wealth multiplies in the nimble opening market economy is concentrated inevitably, and the centralism degree enlarges by fast growth's economic development and the huge population base。The bigger that entire essential factor productivity's function, the bigger that element of production property rights' wealth disintegration。In current Chinese economic development prominent contradiction also concentrated expression in individual producer goods property rights opposition。This requests us in the successful experience which casts off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity formerly from China to carry on the summary, and unifies the new historical period fully the national condition, deals with the new impoverished question promptly。From being invaded and plunders to maintain independence and keep initiative; poor helpless and despairs pessimistically from the pre-liberation to the country weak people, can only struggle after the most basic survival the liberation victory is stable afterward strives for the survival and the development; from to the average ideal live simply and frugally absolutely to liberates person's becoming rich desire, the adaptation transforms, all the people cast off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity; bestow from the passive desire to assists impoverished, the accord development, builds the affluent society; from part of people get rich first to the government's coordinated, improve the social economy fair mechanism positively, lets more people enjoy to the economic development actual benefit, grasp becoming rich the initiative; and the shock treatment"Beijing mutual recognition"and under the evolution method causes the system vicissitude from"the Washington mutual recognition"。The economical practice of China"casts off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity"went out one way that has the Chinese characteristic of socialism development, in realized soberly still exists, the gap between rich and poor to the relatively impoverished question has under the expanded tendency premise, we should see that fruitful social economy practice has solved the Chinese society's universal impoverished problem and the principal contradiction。In the new China's 60 year glorious course, contains maintaining independence and keeping initiative, relies on one's own effort to revive the penetrating judgment, realistic, law of the science practical governing and casts off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity。Escaping from poverty the economic theory of China is taking root deeply middle the social economy practice, we insist this invariable master line foundation that national politics stable unified and economic development throughout, take public ownership system as in main body , the deference economic development's rule, respect the people's will, adapt the subjective and objective environment changes positively, changes and invariably, have the behavior to be able to refrain from doing things, complete the economy in proceeding in an orderly way to rise, the country prosperous and powerful and people's wealth。More than 30 year social economy practice of China reform and open policy is taking the government to the human society law of development, the socialist construction rule and the carrying out rules deepens the understanding to unfold unceasingly as the background, maintains the sober understanding to the national condition time, revises and advances the economic development methodically in rich and the development, government's leading role becomes the entire economic development gradually with the mature market economy the core。The social productive forces obtain the unprecedented development, people's material life obtain enormously rich, ability against the natural disaster also get stronger and stronger, casts off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity into the economic development is an inevitable result。A series of economy measures and the methods which have the Chinese characteristic, step out one path which has the Chinese characteristic to cast off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity。Sum up the experience which obtains by the practice casts off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity : the peace and stability, humanist, the open innovation, practical。This article through the deep research of impoverished theory, united massive full and accurate statistical data, takes"casts off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity"the experience of the achievement and summarizes of the new Chinese 60 years as the analysis key, inquires about the impoverished root and the solution impoverished method and the way diligently。In summary, this article draws the following conclusion:Looking from the world economics total trend of development, the impoverished question exists objectively, especially relatively impoverished is still the economical key question that urgently needed to be solved。Because the production of impoverished the question is created by human factor, this article appeals that the economic theory research needs give the attention to the method exploration which casts off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity to the impoverished question, and give full considerations to different time background and region characteristic, to target-oriented and practice feasibility incline。Produces impoverished reason: the three reasons that cause the income impoverished, the humanity impoverished and social impoverished, the human factor plays the decisive effect, this explains what the impoverished production is the humanity does not work as the behavior, specially creates by the country as the main body political economic activities, simultaneously also means that through the unceasing revisions and the improvements, the goal of"casts off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity"is achievable。External reason: the domestic politics unstable, outside our country international influence to our country aggression, colonizes and plunders。Internal reason one: Because our country natural resource is limited, the government uses the economic policy and the formulation economic system does not meet our country economic development requirement, the foundation economy is not for a long time developed, the law is not perfect and so on macroscopic reason causes the domestic each kind of element of production serious flaw or its property rights, the right of use is chaotic, the productive forces receives the destruction and the fetter, the real economy movement violates the economic law, the social product efficiency is low。The above factors has caused the society universal impoverished and absolutely impoverished。Internal reason two: Each kind of element of production property rights tend by our country economic development process in the centralism causes the gap between rich and poor which follow the public wealth which to accumulates to produce to enlarge, produces relatively impoverished。Solutions of the impoverished question: 1st, through the national independence, the domestic politics stable solution has the impoverished external factor, regardless to the national whole to individual is the most important premise which casts off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity。2nd, through following the economy operating law, the liberation productive forces, establish and play the market economy role methodically, from microscopic starts, the reassignment society all member's production enthusiasm, satisfy the desire which it casts off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity, protect its the freedom of production operation ,assign and use limited social resource fully, display each kind of element of production fully in the affirmation producer goods property rights' foundation the comparison superiority, the centralized energy solution produces impoverished the internal factor, encourage the compatible transformation and the independent innovation, this is the solutions to the social universal impoverished most important method and step, is internal agent which casts off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity, is the national whole wealthy key aspect。3rd, participation positively through the government manages and regulates the market economy development, take the macroscopic reform guarantee overall economy's directivity, by fair, the sustained development as the foundation implementation macro economic management, a safeguard participation social economy practice development's person more shares the socio-economic development the achievement。The government solves the gap between rich and poor and the relatively impoverished question through adjusts each kind of element of production property rights the redistribution and encourages to promote the production efficiency to achieve maximum limit。4th, several kind of impoverished questions interweave in the same place, but in the different historical period, under the different socio-economic background, the impoverished question will have the main manifestation difference, this request government at the right moment ordering strategy, centralized energy judgment and solution society principal contradiction。Impoverished has not been eliminated, the different development phase exists different impoverished questions, wealthy cannot be separated from impoverished and exists independently, the impoverished existence is in itself to public wealth decreasing, for instance the national defense and the anti-terrorist expenditure, for instance the environmental protection and the legal expenditure, for instance the poverty relief and social security's expenditure, increase society's cost impoverished, not that wealthy country and individual can cultivate one's own moral worth in front of the poverty。Impoverished is not"God"penalty, so long as according to the natural law, the economic law management, cast off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity with the sustained development is achievable, wealthy is not depending on impoverished, impoverished can decrease wealthily, but wealthy may help to be separated from the original difficult position to achieve impoverished together abundantly, impoverished that is saved will become facilitates the wealthy double the turning point and the fountainhead。At the same time, impoverished is also"God"penalty, if not according to the natural law and the economic law management, poor and the poverty trap also will exist by the rich extension, the natural disaster, the artificial disaster will not differentiate impoverished and wealthy, greedy (to natural environment's excessive development and destruction), selfish , might (aggression and war) can be with impoverished draw in together wealthily the abyss which the society will back up。Clearly recognized in the reality produces impoverished the reason, chooses the solution impoverished method correctly, regardless of regarding impoverished wealthy similarly is important。 The country changes the passive relief type poverty relief to provide more and the fair each kind of element of production property rights and the right of use, to cast off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity the build rise steps and ladders; changes personally the passive waiting rescue for initiative integrates during the economic production to use the information society positively the development platform, the excavation can the use each kind of element of production, supports oneself, striving to improve, the self-respect, the self-respect to seek casts off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity the way。Choose impoverished or wealthy, more initiatives are grasp in person's hands, should carry on the choice by the government on behalf of the people。Solve the impoverished question method and the way has its intrinsic logic, is decided by social and economic development's inexorable law。The progress of technical , the popularization of knowledge , strike root in the hearts of the people of social civilization , accumulate public wealth day-by-day as well as the people's unremitting pursue which cast off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity the theory unceasing exploration, adopt suitable positively in the social economy practice the measure and the method abolish poverty casts off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity, will be to the wealth which and the wealthy life most powerful protection will accumulate diligently formerly, the humanity will fill the light in the future。...