| This dissertation makes some theoretical and empirical research to the economic reality in China based on the emerging New-New trade theory. New-New trade theory is based on the international industrial transfer exporting countries (developed countries) situation with the gradually international corporations. Naturally, if we use New-New trade theory to analyze the economic issues in China, we have to modify some assumption according to Chinese context. This dissertation references theory of international industrial transfer, the global value chain theory and wave-phenomenon theory and discusses how to relax the assumptions of New-New trade theory so as to make it appropriate for the context of China. The study finds that, New-New trade theory in the context of China should be a multiple heterogeneous model but not single productivity heterogeneity as in western literature. On this basis, this dissertation loosens the assumption of Meltiz (2003) model and derives Chinese export firms heterogeneous model (â…¡) which is suitable for context of both international industrial transfer of the importing country (China situation) and exporting countries (the developed countries context). We also make some empirical testing. Following modelâ…¡and with reference to some related theory, this dissertation puts forward that:the heterogeneity of Chinese export firms is multiple heterogeneity but not single heterogeneity; the heterogeneity is changing with context of Chinese export but not stable; the variation of heterogeneity reflects changes of export behavior of Chinese firms which leads to changes of their competitiveness and performance.The empirical study uses China Industry Business Performance Data which included data of industrial firms with annual sales of over 5million yuan from 1998 to 2007. As there exists great difference in export behavior of sub-industries in Chinese manufacturing sectors, this study conducts plenty of sub-grouping research. There are 30 sub-industries with code from 13 to 43 (no 38). The minimum sample is tobacco industry sub-sectors with 2560 firms. The largest sample is non-metallic mineral products industry with 166,209 firms. The total sample reaches 1,911,041 firms with complete, accurate and highly reliable data. This guarantees reliability and validity of our empirical study.Firstly, this dissertation examines the applicability of Meltiz (2003) model in the context of China. Meltiz (2003) model indicates that productivity is the factor for firms to choose whether export or not. Firms with high productivity choose to export while firms with low productivity choose not to export. We call this "export-productivity heterogeneity" in this dissertation. We make empirical testing to over 1.91 million firms from China Industry Business Performance Data. The results show that, there exist both "export-productivity heterogeneity" and "export-productivity paradox" in several years and several sub-industries. That is, the phenomenon of productivity of exporters is higher than non-export firms and productivity of exporters is lower than non-export firms coexist. This provides new empirical evidence about the relationship between productivity and export behavior for New-New trade theory. It also shows that productivity heterogeneity is not all for "export-heterogeneity" of Chinese firms. This means that a single heterogeneity has been challenged in the context of China.Secondly, this dissertation examines the multiple heterogeneity of Chinese export firms and finds that, heterogeneity in the firm location, firm age, firm size, innovation, brand, ownership, firm level, capital structure, human capital, firm growth and firm productivity are critical factors for Chinese firms to choose export or not. Furthermore, the empirical testing finds that:(1) Productivity heterogeneity is not the only heterogeneity for most sub-industries of Chinese manufacturing sectors to choose export. In some sub-industries, firms with high productivity choose export, which is consistent with Meltiz (2003) model. But more sub-industries show the opposite situation in which firms with low productivity choose export. (2)The multiple heterogeneity in the firm location, firm age, firm size, innovation, brand, ownership, firm level, capital structure, human capital, firm growth have a greater explanatory power in export behavior than a single productivity heterogeneity. This means that multiple heterogeneity is more appropriate for the context of China. (3) Multiple heterogeneity has explanatory power also to firms' export amount. It is superior to single productivity heterogeneity.Furthermore, this dissertation examines the relationship between changes of multiple heterogeneity and China's export business performance. As lack of firms'data before 1998, this dissertation chooses a typical case study to examine the change of multiple heterogeneity in export firms. Toy industry is a typical export-oriented industry with development of China's reform and opening up. In this industry, there exist foreign invest oriented firms(we define them as class F), global born firms(class G) and gradually global firms(class E). In different stages, multiple heterogeneity, which affects firms' export decisions and further affects their export competitiveness has occurred distinct changes. In this process, wave phenomenon is an important factor. Wave phenomenon is frequent in developing countries. The explanatory power of multiple heterogeneity model approves the feasibility of New-New trade theory in China. As a supplement, this dissertation makes a empirical test based on probability and linear regression model. The results show that, multiple heterogeneity of Chinese export firms has occurred a significant change with the development of trade in China.
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