Comparative Study Of Expenditure Management Benefits Of National Scientific Research Institutions

Currently, China national scientific research institutions are undergoing far-reaching reformation.The Public-welfare-oriented national scientific research institutions may transform to non-profit making scientific research institutions which commonly existe under the market economy environment. While accepting State financial support, they principally rely on social support to realize benign running.Therefore, using for reference the modes and experience of foreign related scientific research institutions, studying and presenting the expenditure allocation modes of national scientific research institutions suitable for the development stage of science and technology in China, are of important significance for raising the efficiency of scientific research expenditure allocation, and improving the competitive ability in science and technology of China national scientific research institutions, and of important reference value for optimizing expenditure allocation of provincial and regional scientific research institutions.On the basis of the study on expenditure management mechanism of national scientific research institutions, this paper firstly reviews the present status of related investigations at home and abroad, indicating that though many experiences have been accumulated in management practice, the study on expenditure management mode of national scientific research institutions in foreign countries is not systematic.The recent studies by Internationsl scholars now focus on the project expenditure management mode and evaluation method, example.g., peer review procedure and control. However, the discussion on expenditure management mode at institution level remains scarce.Subsequently, this paper systematically reviews related studies at home and abroad, and comprehensively analyzes patterns of organization and administration and operation mechanism of national scientific research institutions in the main-stream countries.On this basis, the study indicates that the expenditure allocation patterns of the national scientific research institutions in various countries can be summed up into three kinds:the mode guided by the demands of the State and based on the project expenditure allocation; the mode advocating science autonomy and based on researcher expenditure allocation; as well as the mode with market as the guide and striving for foreign expenditure matching.These expenditure allocation patterns have their own respective characteristics, and are suitable for scientific research institutions with different localizations, and with different traditions.Then, the paper introduces and analyzes in detail the systems of science and technology management, and management mechanism of scientific research expenditure, the general situation of national scientific research institutions as well as the expenditure management patterns of17typical national scientific research institutions of the USA, France, German, Japan, India. Russia, Australia, the Republic of Korea, etc.The present paper indicates that the common characteristics of the overall management mechanism of the state scientific research expenditure in various countries are embodied as: diversified funding sources systems with the government support as the main body;"project system" expenditure management brought into the management category of government scientific research institutions; with law, by-law and standard constructing the basis for expenditure management mechanism.The common characteristics of the expenditure management patterns of the17typical national scientific research institutions are embodied as:focus on the expenditure budget management of the scientific research; paying high attention to the project management of scientific research expenditure; exercising evaluation mechanism for scientific research projects; the coexistence of government grant and competitiveness expenses.On this basis, this study constructs two analytical models for the scientific research expenditure management benefits of national scientific research institutions for the first time in China, and presentes firstly the principal indexes of such models, and according to the analytic results of the two models, the author conducted sequencing for the using benefits of scientific research expenditure of the17typical national scientific research institutions, and analysed different expenditure allocation and management model effects and characteristics, such as German the Mapu mode, the FhG mode, the USA mode, and the program mode.Finally, the author made related analyses and suggestions, so as to improve management mechanism of scientific research expenditure of national scientific research institutions.In order to verify the two analytical models for management benefits of scientific research expenditure, the author used Balance Score Card Method (BSC) to construct the third evaluation frame of management benefits of scientific research expenditure of scientific research institutions and to take its acquired ranking to be compared with the acquired ranking by the two models constructed by Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA), and found that the rankings of the three models share common points.For example, among the institutions of scientific research expenditure management benefits ranking in the relatively preceding positions there is German Mapu Society, and relatively ranking in the rear positions are Indian Science and Industry Research Council and Indian Agriculture Research Council. This confirms to a certain degree that the analysis of the relationship between the three kinds of models and the expenditure allocation and management model basically conforms to the practical situation of the use and management mechanism of scientific research expenditure of various national scientific research institutions.Finally, this paper puts forward some suggestions on the construction of the management mechanism of scientific research expenditure of national scientific research institutions, and proposes that at the current management mechanisms of research expenditure of national scientific research institutions of various countries do not conform to norm, and management benefits are also uneven.The expenditure management mechanism has already become the bottleneck for restricting the development of the scientific research level and their scientific research management level of national scientific research institutions of various countries.Improving science and technology distribution system and science and technology evaluation system is not only the necessity for the perfection of management mechanism of scientific research expenditure of national scientific research institutions, but also the important approach to effectively raise the state science and technology level.The main path for the improvement is to combine the two aspects of funding allocation and project evaluation as best as possible, but it is necessary to guarantee that both aspects independently exercise their respective functions, and meanwhile to increase the transparency and open extent of the two aspects.