| Industrial linkage is one of the objective, important and foundational socio-economic relationships. It refers to the economic, technological and inter-industrial relationships, which are mutually and functionally supported and inter-depended in industrial system. Not only the trading relationships between the enterprises in the production and circulation of products and services are established on the basis of the industrial linkage, but also the state of the regional industrial structure in "quantity" is determined by the nature of the industrial linkage in "quality". Therefore, supplying chain management, integration strategies, strategic alliances and other issues in the enterprise level, and optimization and adjustment of industrial structure and industrial upgrading in regional or national level, are in real terms based on the industrial linkage. Industrial linkage presenting objective constraints on economic or management'decision problems, is bound to be an important research topic of Management and Economics.The industrial linkage theory formed in the1950s by the contribution of Hirschman, and has been providing important research support for the strategy of development on economy since its birth. The Hirschman Linkage Theory has not only become an important theoretical foundation of the "imbalanced" development on economy, but also determined the main research trend in industrial linkage-to measure the intensity of the industrial linkage's effect and to take the performance of the sector on the intensity of industrial linkage's effect as the critical standard on determining the key or non-key industries. The Input-Output Economics (I-O) is an independent economic subject developed by Leontief in the1930s on the absorption of Quesnay's economy table and neo-classical economics'general equilibrium theory. Because of the advantages of its structured and standardized input-output models with a quantitative description of inter-industrial input-output relations, the industrial linkage theory naturally is closely related with the input-output techniques. Therefore, the measurement on intensity of Hirschman linkage based on input-output models has become the basic framework and paradigm on the development of linkage theoris and the analysis of linkage. But there are certain problems or critical shortage in the classical I-O methods and models.(1) Do all the linkage's relations are equally important? Part of the linkage's relations constitutes the infrastructure of the industrial system, but because information in the input-output table (regardless of the flow, input-output coefficients) is too scattered, the outline of the basic economic structure can not be seen.(2) Do the same effect's intensity values have the same meaning? The significance of the comparison on effect's intensity values of the sectors is blurred, because maybe high effect's intensity values are determined by some strong linkage's relations, and low effect's intensity values come from more strength-balanced relationships. And the relation's structure can also not be seen as the information is too concentrated. Essentially, linkage's relation is one kind of binary relationship and graph or network is an effective tool for the expression for the relation's structure. So in view of the deficiencies of the classic linkage models, some scholars tried to use graphs or networks to describe industrial linkage, and mined the characteristics of the structure according to the actual problems, such as industrial complexes and industrial chains, which can be expressed as special sub-graphs. On the other hand, the industrial system is a special complex system, with the rise of complexity science and complex networks, in the field of linkage's studies, there have been an associated trend that the topology indexes of complex network are applied to describing the characteristics of structure. However, due to a variety of reasons, these two types of research are fragmented and there are many limitations, such as the critical value of the relationship to establish the graphs or networks, the economic significance of the transplantation of the indicators on the complex network and so on.Based on the experience of the industrial linkage's studies and learning from the limitations and shortcomings of the existing linkage's studies, the problems defined in this paper are "to describe the linkage's relations and to describe the linkage's structure, for the evaluation of linkage's effects". These two research questions are closely linked, the description of linkage's relations is the basis of the structure's description, and the description of linkage's structure is the purpose of the relationship's description. In this regard, by the method of systematic analysis, that is the linkage's relationships-the linkage's structure-the linkage's effects, the problems defined can be solved through the modeling of the Industry Complex Network (ICN) describing linkage's relationships and extension/optimization of the ICN models describing the linkage's structure to evaluate the linkage's effects. The research of modeling includes2aspects.(1) Modeling Industry Complex Networks (ICNs) that are the basic models of ICNs.(2) Modeling the system of ICN indicators that is the extension of the basic models of ICNs. The research of application includes2aspects.(1) Extensible applications of the basic models, which are ICN-based research on characteristics of linkage's structure and the ICN-based research on the system of linkage indicators.(2) Applications of the basic models and the extension models of ICNs in practical problems which are the analysis of linkage's effects. The relevant theory and research results of the modeling and applications on industry graphs or networks are reviewed in Chapter2and that is the realistic and reasonable basis for the research of this paper.Based on the inherent complexity and binary-related characteristics of linkage, the concept of "Industry Complex Network (ICN)" is presented in Chapter3. The core of modeling the Industry Complex Network is the identification and description of the strong linkage's relationships. The ICNs are comprised with "nodes" denoting industries (sectors) and "directional edges" which indicate the direction of the linkage's relations or extension of industrial chains, which are the backward linkage with upstream industries and the forward linkage with downstream industries. Industry Complex Networks actually showing the regional economic infrastructure, have a variety of different forms, depending on the significance of their linkage's relationships. The supplying and demanding Industry Complex Networks are separated into different networks, on the position of the supplying or demanding and on the active or passive perspective. So the basic/foundational Industry Complex Networks are constituted of forward supplying-ICN (FS-ICN), backward supplying-ICN (BS-ICN), forward demanding-ICN (FD-CN) and backward demanding-ICN (BD-ICN). Because input-output coefficient matrixes provide a wealth of related information and data base, and input-output database also is build successfully, ICNs'modeling is based on the input-output models. Input coefficient matrix and Leontief inverse matrix can be applied in the supplying-ICNs'modeling, and output coefficient matrix and Ghosh inverse matrix in the demanding-ICNs' modeling. Because industries are in the forefront of exchange of production and commodity, so they have the strongest sensitivity of relationship's status and can make the most direct and accurate response with interaction, a method called "industry cognition" is introduced to search the strong relationships. The strong relationships have an upper limit. Weaver Index is made use of to fix the upper limit, which can effectively overcome the subjectivity and the difficulty to operate in traditional methods, and possesses the advantages of flexibility and practicality. Edges are determined by strong relations and ICNs are presented by the form of matrix and graph. Moreover, through some transformation, the extended Industry Complex Networks, such as "united ICNs","aggregated ICNs","weighted ICNs" and "undirected ICNs" can be developed. So foundational ICNs and extended ICNs constitute a multi-level ICN system. In this part, two examples are applied. Feasibility of modeling ICNs is conformed by example I that is the ICN system in Shandong Province on the I-O models containing42sectors. These Industry Complex Networks are presented in the forms of adjacent matrixes, detached sub-graphs, tree or tree class diagrams and so on, which can be applied to different context. In example II, to verify the good supporting role of multi-class and multi-level industry complex networks on the decision and strategy making, industrial chain's structure of information sectors in Shandong Province is analyzed, by the comparison of the "globally"/"locally" important supplying/demanding relationships in the foundational ICNs, identifying the stability and uncertainties of linkage's relationships, as well as advantageous and disadvantageous factors of linkage in Shandong'information industry.The description of linkage's structure means the extraction of the characteristics of linkage's structure. It includes2aspects.(1) Make sure what the characteristics of linkage's structure to be extracted are.(2) The method of extracting these characteristics of linkage'structure is explored and determined. Linkage's effects are determined by the linkage's structure, so the analysis of characteristics of linkage's structure needs to be according to linkage's effects. Linkage's effects are classified into direct effects and indirect effects. The direct effects are directly associated with characteristics of structure, and the indirect effects are the combination of direct effects. Characteristics of linkage's structure are identified from the direct effects. Overall characteristics of linkage's structure include stability, centrality, classification and circularity. Individual characteristics of linkage's structure include connection, position and flow. So the first problem is solved. For characteristics of linkage's structure can be extracted from the ICNs, the methods of Graph Theory and Network Analysis are taken advantages of on the ICNs. So the second problem is solved on this idea. In Chapter4, the effectiveness of the methods is conformed by the example of analysis of characteristics of linkage's structure in Shandong Province. The objective of the study on linkage's relationships and linkage's structure is to evaluate linkage's effects, which can be achieved by the help of linkage indicators. When industrial system is turned into Industry Complex Networks, this problem is transformed into the design and application of the ICN linkage indicators. Based on effective information mining and the research results of the characteristics of linkage's structure, a multi-level and multi-dimensional ICN indicator system is developed in Chapter5, which is comprised of3lever I indicators and17lever II indicators. This system of ICN indicator has clear economic significance, equivalent network significance and is comparable numerically. The feasibility, flexibility and applicability are conformed by the example of analysis on linkage's effects of three industries in Shandong Province in the part.The methodological framework of linkage analysis is applied in practical research. From the importance of development of economy, social concern and inherent differences in the structure and efficient in regional economy, the provinces of Shandong, Jiangsu and Guangdong are selected for the horizontal comparative studies in Chapter6. The research focuses are on achieving the comprehensive analysis of linkage's relationships, linkage's structure and linkage's effects. The comparison of relationships is based on the homogeneous and heterogeneous ICNs to explore the structural basis of the effect of competitive advantage in the three provinces. Since the primary feature of the regional economy is the industrial agglomeration, overall centrality of linkage is one of the research focuses. By the comparison of indicators of overall centrality of linkage, combined with'industrial properties', such as the added value, the number of enterprises, the average of the added value of enterprises and so on, the coordination of industrial system (adaptability to regional resources and location) and performance of agglomeration are analyzed. For regional development of economy also requires a clear definition of "key industries", so the individual ICN-linkage indicators are integrated with the measurement on intensity of linkage's effects to identify the "key sectors in intensity" and "key sectors in structure". Comprehensive classification of sectors in the three provinces is made based on the individual characteristics of industrial linkage such as "high-productive","high-processing","high-driving","high-driving potentially","dominant","constraining","high-end" and "basic". Moreover, supplemented by the "industrial property"(industry category), advantages (positive effects) and disadvantages (negative effects) on the key sectors in the three provinces are compared.An empirical study of the industrial structure's upgrading in China based on the analysis of changes of industrial linkage's effects is made in Chapter7. From the perspective of linkage, industrial structure's upgrading is reflected in the changes of overall technical structure, the extension of industrial chains and the industries' influence.7ICN linkage indicators including overall centrality, overall classification, overall circularity, total extensibility, individual broadness, individual extensibility, and individual dominant, and2I-O indicators construct the indicator system of industrial structure's upgrading. On the indicator system, the empirical analysis of the industrial structure's upgrading in China is made. The results show that, from2002to2007, the trend of the technological progress driven by changes in the technical structure is clear, the extension of industrial chains has been improved greatly and the changes of the industries'influence are heterogeneous. The changes in these three levels reflect the China's industrial structure's upgrading in inherent "quality" in this period.The main ideas, the arguments, the key issues and the completion of the research work are summarized in Chapter8. Besides, the limitations and a reasonable outlook on future research are presented.In short, this paper achieves innovative perspectives, innovative models and innovative methods. And the Identification of strong linkage relationships by Weaver Index and the construction of system of linkage indicators are the concentrated research innovations. The results have shown that the related research on Industy Complex Networks can make systematic description and explanation on the linkage's relationships, linkage's structure and linkage's effects and can provide strong support of theoretical methods, feasible ideas and strategies for further optimization of relationship's structure and upgrading of linkage's effects.
|
PDF Full Text Request