| Social development depends on two main factors, one is the progress of technology, the other is the innovation of institution. There is inner objective law about the progress of institution. What we can do is not hindering the progress of technology, and creating some favorite conditions for the progress of institution. From this meaning, the main factor of social progress is institution, especially economic institution, which affects the relationship of the people, and the behavior way of human beings. The developing road of agricultural economy in our country was very tortuous after the founding of the People's Republic of China. The level of rural life undulated with the rising and falling of agricultural economy. Apart from some factors in international politics, economy and military affairs, the rising and falling of agricultural economy caused by institution. The changing of institution caused the popple of agriculture, the shortcomings of institution brought about low efficiency of agriculture. Hence, We have to seek an institutional breakthrough so as to walk out the deep valley of the growth of agricultural economy, and actively search for the way of allocating agricultural resources in technical layer. Whether we can find a balance point between equity and efficiency is one of the criteria (better or worse) to judge an economic institution. We made a blunder to handle the relation between equity and efficiency in fifties of 20th century. The government emphasized equity and neglect efficiency. Average land ownership, collective management, and average distribution lead to low efficiency of agricultural economy because of the invalidation of the encouraging mechanism. This state continued to days of extending of the household production responsibility system. There was discrimination in our economic institution accompanied with the low efficiency of agricultural economy. The government tied peasants in land by the system of household register, which insulates town and countryside, and carried out economic policy which favorites town and industry by some form, such as price scissors between industrial products and agricultural products. So,artificially formed dualistic economic system. Meanwhile, the government restrained free circulation of commodities in rural areas, accusation of "play the market"almost suffocated the circulation of commodities, which was undeveloped in countryside in that period. Most of researches about the development of agricultural economy analyze a specific problem or study from a special point of view, discuss some defects of relative economic policies, and set forth improving opinion. When we summarize these researches, we can get an important conclusion: The economic institution, especially discriminative policy, is the most direct cause to impede the growth of agricultural economy. Therefore, firstly, we have to improve the economic institution related to agriculture, then look for measures of accelerating the growth of agricultural economy. According to the above-mentioned idea, the thesis will study in two layers of institution and technique, and explore the reasonable way of development of agricultural economy in our country, which form systematic and new opinion of the author. The thesis starts from the preface that elaborates writing conceive and studying bounds, and gives some relative explanation. In the preface, I spread out the writing frame and inner logical structure, organically conform the two layers of agricultural institution and technique, search for the impetus of the development of agricultural economy. Chapter 1 briefly looks back the agricultural course of new China, gives institutional explanation about undulation of agricultural economy, especially agricultural famine. This chapter is not confined in the agricultural institution itself, but carries out research in depth. The designation of agricultural institution in that time deviated the basic way of behavior of human beings, which lead to the famine round about sixties in 20th century and low efficiency after famine. We can get more important enlightenment (that is the new view of the thesis): the most fundamental starting point is to restrain the weakness of human nature. If we do so, the brilliance of human nature will flare, and illuminate the whole world, educate all places. Chinese agriculture grew fast in a period of time since China was opened to the outside of the world, but the government has not changed discrimination of economic policy fundamentally. The governmental investment in agriculture is not enough. Agricultural institution must be improved. Along with elapsing of time,a series of problems still exist. Chapter 1 clarifies problems of agricultural economy of our country. These problems include: the growing speed of agricultural products, agricultural GDP, and income of peasants now is becoming slow; material foundation of agriculture is unsubstantial; there are lot of surplus labor force in agriculture; the adjustment of agricultural structure is confronted with tremendous pressure; the agricultural environment is degenerating. The history is a mirror. The actual problems propel us to go forward. From chapter 2 to chapter 5, I probe into the institution of agricultural economy and seek method to improve it. Chapter 2 studies the discrimination of economic policy to agriculture. With regard to town and countryside, non-agricultural population and agricultural population, the discrimination includes two aspects: status discrimination and exploitation of agriculture in the process of industrialization in our country. Both deviates the impartial rule. If there would be no impartiality, there would be no efficiency. Impartiality is not equal to equity, equity dose not mean impartiality. The thesis deeply studies impartiality, efficiency and their relationship, which is the creation of the thesis. According to my own understanding to impartiality, efficiency and their relationship, I bring forward the concrete measures to speed up the reform of economic institution, advance economic partiality, and economic efficiency. Among this chapter, I get my own judgment to the stage of industrialization process of our country in this time by international comparison. The period of discrimination to agricultural policy was so long that the peasants'burden has been very heavy. A few decades passed after the foundation of new China, most of peasants havesolved so-called "wen bao"problem by efforts. Governmental organizations of village and town have been becoming larger and larger, peasants'burden has been becoming more and more heavy for keeping routine work of the government with the reform and opening to outside of the world was deeper and deeper after eighties of 20th. Corruptive behavior of some official clerks maybe an important factor, too. The government carried out a series of reform experiment of tax and fee of the countryside in order to change the situation at present. There was active effect in these experiments, and brought some problems because of shortage of sufficient theoretical preparation. I'll discuss the reform of tax and fee of the countryside in chapter 3 in which forms my own opinion. I summarize the social background of the reform, and conduct demonstration to the peasants'burden. Creation of this chapter is: the theoretical summary to the social background of the reform; finding the theoretical defect of the reform; and the systematic exploration of ways to reform the system of tax and fee in the countryside. The destination of the reform of tax and fee in the countryside is to lighten peasants'burden, and standardize imposition of tax and fee. But the reform of tax and fee can't resolve the poverty problem. Anti-poverty is necessary. Chapter 4 will study the problem of anti-poverty and investment to agriculture, peasants. The target of anti-poverty is to guarantee the need of life of the absolute poor population. In order to push the rural economy to a new height, investment to agriculture and peasants is necessary, which is the important method to change the discrimination of economic policy. On the basis of defining poverty, I estimate the poverty state of our country, elaborate the relationship between income inequality and poverty, point out the flaw of operating system of anti-poverty of our country, explore the ways of anti-poverty. In aspect of investing to agriculture and peasants, I analyze the scale of supporting agriculture of the public finance, including absolute scale and relative scale, and carry out an international comparison. The investment of manpower capital must concentrate in the primary education in rural areas, combine educational assist and cultural assist. The creation of this chapter: the objective estimation about the poverty state of our country, pointing the error of the governmental estimation, summarizing the poverty type of our country, differentiating the investment of regional anti-poverty from poverty assist to the absolute population. As to regional ecological poverty, it is important to improve the traditional agriculture, not to develop industry blindly. The benefit of education investment must calculate from the angle of long social and economic function, not short economic function. The important aspect of agricultural institution is the agricultural land system, which is related to scale economy. Chapter 5 will discuss the scale economy and the agricultural land system of our country, forming my own opinion. I sum up scale economy theory, introducing the theory of scale economy of Marxism and its criticism to the mode of smallholder economy, and some conclusion of western scholars about the agricultural scale economy. I carry out demonstration to the agricultural scale economy. The United State of America and Japan are the best case because the ratio of population to land of the both is remarkable different. I elaborate the changing trend ofmanaging scale of agricultural land. Studying from the angle of the relation between efficiency of the scale managing of agricultural land and income per capita, I point out that wide and more data is necessary to get some conclusions about scale management of agriculture. Combining the theory and demonstration research, I get my own view about the scale management of agricultural land, and point some irrational even corruptive behavior in the process in the practice of scale management of agricultural land all over the country. From the history of agricultural land institution, we can get enlightenment that establishes the theoretical basis for exploration of the relation between scale management and agricultural land institution. This chapter simply looks back the history of land institution of our country, in which we can find the contradiction of the land institution. In the period of collectivization, there are serious problems of the institution of agricultural land, such as low efficiency and economic externality, which is the important cause leading to develop slowly in rural areas. The household agricultural farming system is an effective improvement to the collective ownership of land in which the land belongs to a collectivity and collective members farm jointly, but there is limitations. In this chapter, I discuss the character of the ownership of agricultural land, and the right of contracting and managing agricultural land in detail, seek the agricultural land institution that fits for the scale management of agricultural land, and set forth a theoretical way to confirm the reasonable bounds of the scale management of agricultural land. The new meaning of this chapter: The institution of agricultural land is one of the dynamics to drive one feudal dynasty to replace another. Whether everybody occupies equal land is the indicator of social stabilization. The conclusion from a specific research of scale management is not sure to be generality, and the contradiction between the household agricultural farming system and getting scale efficiency is existent. Free flow of land is the basis of getting scale efficiency. For the sake of social equity, the government has to confine the quantity of land belong to individual or household. The assistant measure of this limitation is the governmental effective regulation of land occupying. On the basis of the research of the agricultural institution of our country, starting from chapter 6, I study problems of the development of agricultural economy of our country on the layer of technique. Not same as that of 20th century, Chinese agricultural structure adjustment, cultivation of competitive power and research of trade strategy of agricultural products, and the like, must be carried out under the rule of WTO and the environment of globalization of economy. We confront a serious topic, which is food safety of our country. Chapter 6 will discuss the problem of food safety. I'll forecast the possibility of food crisis of the world, especially the economic and political risk of imputing food. In the problem to assure the safety of Chinese food, I think that solving the short of water resource is the most important. Meanwhile the prediction system of food safety must be built. Chapter 7 will study the problem of adjustment of agricultural structure under WTO rules. Starting with the general law of evolution of agricultural and rural economy, I simply describe theagricultural structure of China before the reform and opening to the outside of the world, elaborate the changing trend and the cause of agricultural structure after the reform and opening to outside of the world, point out confronting problems of adjustment of agricultural structure. Consulting the relative theory of adjustment of agricultural structure, I study the competitive power of Chinese agricultural products and the direction of adjustment of agricultural structure, set forth the measures to adjust the agricultural structure according to the comparative advantage of our country. The government must offer necessary support to the adjustment of agricultural structure. The farmhouse should be the main body of adjustment of agricultural structure. It is almost the convention that the government provides protection for the trade of agricultural products due to the natural weakness of agriculture. The government can offer protection for the trade of agricultural products although China has joined WTO. Chapter 8 will study the agriculture protection and the trade countermeatures of agricultural products of our country under the rule of WTO. I introduce the international experiences and relative views about agricultural protection, especially the way of agriculture in Holland. I objectively describe the trade situation and trend of agricultural products of China, analyze the advantages and disadvantages of our joining WTO, and bring forward measures to protect the trade of agricultural products. With some characteristics in the trade of agricultural products of China, we must rapidly change the negative state of protection to agriculture and utilize the rules of WTO fully and reasonably. In recent years, the academic circle paid more and more attention to the problem of agricultural environment,and the government strengthened working on agricultural environment. But the effect was not satisfying. The cause came from not only the layer of technique but also institution. In the last chapter of the thesis, I set forth my own opinion about the problem of agricultural environment. I analyze the cause leading to the crisis of agricultural environment, and keep gingerly optimism about whether human beings can walk up the sustainable way. I study the sustainable agriculture deeply and put forward an integrated index system of sustainable agriculture in this chapter. Innovation includes: Human beings have plunged in the mire of the sustainable development; whether we can go out of the mire is not affirmative; theoretical difficulty and actual competition hamper us to go to the royal road of the sustainable development. There is no basic mode for us to design the index system of sustainable agriculture, and subjectivism or unbending is in existing index system. We can't find a criterion to judge an index. The criterion is relative. The index system of sustainable agriculture that fits for typical agricultural region is an integrated system. There are some innovations in the index system although it is not very perfect.
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