| With the world change in supply and demand of grain, the grain safety problem in China has become a focus. Especially after WTO accession, China's grain market has been increasingly and deeply merged into the competition of the world market, and this trend will be lasting, as the ceaseless development trend of the internationalization of grain market. While the statuses of different countries' different industries are decided by variable factors, comparative advantage has decisive function from the view of international division of labor, and competitive advantage has a determinant effect from the view of industrial competition. The chief factors of comparative advantage are the gifts of resource and its location, while competitive advantage is not only determined by industry-inner direct and indirect factors, but also industry-outer business environment factors. Although the industries possessing comparative advantage are easier to form and keep stronger competitive advantage than the ones lack of comparative advantage, it doesn't mean the latter can't form and keep competitive advantage. Therefore, based on the current comparative advantage. China's grain must increasingly enhance their international competitive advantage if they want to make further development. To improve their international competitive advantage, it is crucial to roundly and systemically study the status of the competitive advantage of China's grain, even the effect produced by various factors influencing their competitive advantage, based on constructing the theoretical framework and economic analysis methods of the international competitiveness research for China's grain, so as to take positive Countermeasures to enhance the international competitiveness of China's grain.I. The research thinking and analysis frameworki . The goal in research and thinkingThe main objectives of study on the international competitiveness of China's grain can be divided into three parts: the first one is to construct the economic analysis framework of the international competitiveness of China's grain industry, based on the present international competitiveness theory of industry and international trade theory. The second one is to study roundly and systematically the international competitiveness status of China's grain industry and change trend, as well as the way of various kinds of direct and indirect factors inside the industry and various kinds of commercial environmental factors outside the industry determining and influencing the international competitiveness of China's grain. And the last one is to construct the evaluation index of international competitiveness of China's grain, then put forward the pointed and sensible Countermeasures and suggestions on the improvement of the international competitiveness of China's grain.The basic thinking of study on the international competitiveness of China's grain goes on step by step as follows: above all, it's to construct the economic analysis framework of the international competitiveness of China's grain industry based on Michael Potter's international competitiveness theory of industry and international trade theory. Then, through the compare and analysis on the product and trade of grain, it's to confirm the research scope of the international competitiveness of China's grain, adopting analytical comparison, the analytic approach of factor, analytic approach of the real example and the specs analytic approach, etc.. While, we study and probe into the development status of the international competitiveness of China's grain by comparing and analyzing the realization index of the international competitiveness of grain ( market share and trade competition index); study and probe into the formed reason of the international competitiveness of China's grain through comparing and analyzing three direct and indirect factors (cost and price, quality and safety, productivity level), four basic factors(the condition of production factor, market demand condition, relevant and auxiliary industry's state, as well enterprise's strategy, structure and competition, etc.) and the function of government. Finally, construct some systemic evaluation index of the international competitiveness of China's grain, and put forward the pointed and sensible Countermeasures and suggestions on the enhancement of the international competitiveness of China's grain, so as to provide theoretical and external basis for further increasing the international competitiveness of China's grain.The basic objective observation data studying in industry's international competitiveness is the international occupation rate of market and profit rate of the relevant national specific industry; it is the final realizing index of industry's international competitiveness, reflecting the actual result of industry's international competition. However, the purpose to study in industry's international competitiveness is not merely to describe the actual result of specific industry's international competition objectively, and should find the various kinds of determining and influencing factors of various countries' specific industry's international competitiveness, namely look for the reasons which cause actual result and the trend of industry's international competition in the future, thus announce and prove the causality of the international competitiveness of every industry. It is because that there are a lot of factors influencing the international competitiveness of every industry of various countries in realistic economy, so how to sort out the countless factors influencing international competitiveness of every industry in different countries into the clear logic causality lines, in order to stress the most important factor among them, become the important problem that research in international competitiveness of specific industry must solve in different countries.The study in the international competitiveness of China's grain needs to confirm main product range and national range that are relatively studied at first, then analyze comprehensively and systematically from two respects of the realization result and determining and influencing factors of international competitiveness. Analyzing from the result, the international competitiveness of grain can be shown as the occupation rate of market directly, the higher the occupation rate is, the more a profit is, indicating its international competitiveness is better. Analyzing from the decision and influence factors, the factors that is helpful to exploit market, dominate the market, and obtain profit, can all be regarded as the research objects. Here, we call the indexes which reflect the competition result as realizing index of international competitiveness, they have displayed the realization degree of the international competitiveness; and call the factors that can reflect competition strength (namely the reason of competitiveness power) as direct and indirect factors which influence international competitiveness, they can explain why some product has international competitiveness or not; and call factor beyond competition strength which has important function for the international competitiveness as the determining and influencing environmental factor of the international competitiveness, they can have important decision and influence function on international competitiveness power.ii. Analysis frameworkInternational comparison of the production and tradeThrough international comparative analysis to the production and trade overview of the grain worldwide, define the range of product studying in international competitiveness of China's grain specifically. Through the international comparative analysis of the grain production and trade overview, define the main producing countries of various kinds of grain in the world or the areas, main exporters or areas concretely, thus confirm the international comparison range studying in international competitiveness of China's grain. Through the international comparative analysis of the grain trade overview, define the main importers or areas of different grain of the world concretely, thus confirm market chance and goal market range studying in international competitiveness of China's grain.The realization index of the international competitivenessThe realization index reflecting the international competitiveness result including occupation rate of market, trade competition index, regular market share model, showing comparative advantage, etc., the main index among them is the occupation rate of market and profit rate. Because the statistical data of enterprise's profit-making situation is more difficult to get, and we can assume that its occupation rate of market and profit obtained are concerned for positive correlation when analyzing the international competitiveness result mainly. So we mainly investigate the actual result of participating in international competition of China's grain with the occupation rate of market and trade, and compare worldwide. The occupation rate of market is the simplest realization index that reflects the result of international competitiveness most directly, can show its competition strength in international and domestic market competition, it has reflected the realization degree of the international competitiveness. Under freedom, good (WTO rule) market terms, both of the national market and the international market are open to the foreign countries. So the occupation rate of domestic market, occupation rate of market of importer and occupation rate of international market, can reflect the power of its international competitiveness, the higher the occupation rate of market is, the stronger the international competitiveness is; On the contrary, weak.The occupation rate of market can be used for analyzing the dynamic change of international competitiveness power, if the occupation rate of market is raised to some extent during a specified period of time, it proves that the international competitiveness is being strengthened; On the contrary, it proves that the international competitiveness presents the downward trend. The competition index of trade can indicate that a certain product which one country produces is the net import or net export, and the relative scale of net import or net export, reflect the degree of the inferior position or excellent position of a competition advantage in production efficiency about some a certain product that country produce compared to the same product of other country that world market supply with. The trade competition index here is used for reflecting the China's grain the degree of the inferior position or excellent position of a competition advantage in production efficiency to the other main exporter of grain in the world, thus explain its international competitiveness state and change trend.Direct and indirect factors influencing international competitivenessDirect and indirect factors influencing international competitiveness reflect strength of international competition, or the direct and indirect explaining variable of international competitiveness that has already been realized. These factors can determine the competition result in the international market of grain, and can explain why a certain grain has competition or not in the international market too. There are a lot of direct and indirect factors of influencing the international competitiveness of grain, we will analyze their impacts on international competitiveness of China's grain from the following aspects mainly, and compare worldwide.Cost and price The cost is a foundation of determining the product cost; the level of the cost has determined whether the products have a price competition advantage and earning capacity. Just because the cost of goods is determining the product price to a great extent, especially when the production and trade are in the perfect competition state, keen competition will make the long-term price of equilibrium of the products convergent in the standing cost, thus the competitiveness state of the products can be embodied from the product price to a certain extent. The main factor of determining the grain cost is the price and cost composition of key element, so the seed, chemical fertilizer, price of agriculture chemical, workforce's price, the price of the land rent and composition of every key element in the unit product, etc. can be regarded as the important influencing factors when analyzing whether the grain has international competitiveness. Because this text needs to carry on comparative analysis with the other main exporter of grain, if you want to master the cost composition and the historical data of average unit cost of the main exporter of various kinds of grain in an all-round way, it is a very difficult, big workload. We utilize United States Department of Agriculture's data to form international comparative analysis to the cost of the China's grain. We still use time sequence data of producer's price index, and weigh the change in the cost of the China's grain and price competitiveness through the comparative analysis with the other main exporters of grain, and weigh the impact on international competitiveness. The same products on the same market, the lower the price is, the more competitive the price is, and this is a generally acknowledged ubiquitous fact and a foundation of economic analysis too. It has got rid of various kinds of complicated factors related to marketing tactics and consumption demand here. Because of with the improvement of the level of consumption, consumer's demand to grain will consider their quality and safety, etc. more, this make the international competitiveness of the grain not merely depend on the level of the product cost, as product quality and safety index is very close, enterprise marketing tactics difference is quite small too, the price remains the important factor of influencing products competitiveness. So, comparing the selling price on the same market of the same kind of grain in different countries can state the competitiveness difference in price of the same kind of grain in various countries.Quality and safety Quality is a more complicated factor of influencing the competitiveness, on one hand the evaluation on quality not merely depends on the physics and chemistry index and industrial grade, still depends on consumer's requisition for product quality, it is very difficult to realize the value of the overtop quality that consumers do not need; Often high quality should request higher investments and higher prices too on the other hand. So, enterprise should offer products of proper quality in order to adapt to specific buyer stratum according to modern marketing idea. But it is usually considered that in the same price of the same kind of grain market, the products with higher quality have stronger competitiveness, and can obtain greater additional value. Because of this understanding, the economists usually use the index of reflecting the additional value of the product to reflect the quality level of the products indirectly. We adopt the quality index of export products to investigate the changes of quality and surtax value of different grain in various countries, thus reflect the improvement states of different grain quality in various countries, and reflect indirectly that the competitiveness state of the value of the exports grain and the technological content. The safety and health is an important influencing factor that influences grain quality and then its international competitiveness. Usually with economic development and forming and development of buyer's market, market demand for various kinds of grain pay more attention to their safe hygiene. Especially with the improvement of material and culture living standard, people pay more attention to one's own and social long-term interest day by day, which makes the question of safety and health of the grain paid more and more attention to. So those whose products can meet goal market's demands with lower cost and high-quality safety and health will be those who may be in the advantage or leading position in the competition in the future.Productivity level, variety resource and technology The productivity level of each kind of grain in each country directly determines its production efficiency and production cost, so as to influence the international competitiveness level of some grain in certain country. The main important index reflecting the productivity level of grain is the output per unit area. So we can judge the productivity level of various kinds of grain mostly by the output per unit area, and through international comparison evaluate the productivity level of China's grain, along with the effect to its international competitiveness. Although there are a lot of factors influencing grain productivity level, the excellent breed resource state of grain may be a big factor affecting productivity level of grain. If the fine breed resource of the grain is deficient, their production efficiency and product quality will be directly influenced. Technology, which is one of the key factors determining production efficiency, not only determines productivity level, product cost and price in high degree, but also has a decisive role in the aspects of product quality, product structure and new product development. Especially as modern scientific and technological developing steps are accelerated, the technological progress has already become the important driving force of grain industry's development. While it's hard to economically measure technology effect, we can still estimate the effect of technical gap on the international competitiveness of China's grain, through the international comparison of various kinds of technical research affecting the productivity level of grain, and their application status.Environmental factors determining and influencing international competitivenessWe use the picture of national "diamond" of international competitiveness of Industry created by Michael Potter as theoretical foundation, terms of production factor, domestic market demand state, and use relevant and auxiliary industry's state, enterprise's strategy, structure and competition as determining and influencing the four basic factors of the international competitiveness of grain, regarding government function and opportunity as the two cofactors determining and influencing international competitiveness of grain, and regarding interactive complicated system composing of basic factors and cofactors as environmental factors determining and influencing international competitiveness of grain .Because at present it is very difficult to explore one that can stand up this complicated system synthetically, in order to analyze systematically its decision and influence of the international competitiveness of grain. So, we still carry on international comparative analysis to the decision and influence of the international competitiveness of China's grain through differentiating right basic factor and cofactor, but we should pay special attention to influencing of each other and interaction between every factor while studying.Four basic factorsCondition for factors of production If a country has a certain advanced key element and special-purpose key element needed in specific industry's competition, it can have a most far-reaching and lasting competition advantage. The procurability (attainable possibility) and quality of advanced crucial element and special-purpose key element determine the quality of getting fine competitive advantage and the velocity of upgrading the competitive advantage. We mainly analyze the basic key elements having close relation with grain-production (involving cultivated land, workforce's quality, capital strength, etc.) and the advanced key elements (facilities of traffic and communication, senior talent and research funds and achievement, etc.), while analyze and judge the advantages and disadvantages in the factors of production that lead to the current situation of international competitiveness of China's grain through international compare.Demand in domestic market The domestic demand can bring static efficiency through the impact on large-scale production, more important influence is dynamic, and the domestic demand determines the speed and nature that enterprises improve. Three factors of influencing the domestic demand are: The composition of the domestic demand, the increasing scale and the increasing mode of the domestic demand, conduction mechanism of domestic demand preference to the international market correctly, and the importance of the last two respects is decided by the former factor. So to the decision of the international competitiveness, the importance of the quality of the domestic demand should be greater than their quantity. So we carry on international comparative analysis mainly in consume structure of the grain and the grain, consume increasing and degree of saturation, maturity, nitpicking degree and internationalized trend of domestic demand of consumer, etc. in China and other main grain exporters worldwide, thus analyze and judge its impact on international competitiveness of China's grain.The related and assistant industry Whether the relevant and auxiliary industry of the specific industry has international competitiveness is very significant to promote and strengthen the international competition advantage of this industry. That is to say if the supplying industry of the upper reaches has international competitiveness, the downstream industry will obtain the competition advantage through high efficiency, short time, fast speed, but in order to make one industry have international competitiveness, it is unnecessary to require all relevant and auxiliary industries to have international competition advantages, those input can be imported from foreign countries which have no important influence for the innovation and the development of this industry.The influential relevant and auxiliary industries for the competition advantage of one industry include the supply industry of this industry, the industry that can be concert with this industry and share some activity with this industry, and industry of the complementary products. There are more relevant and auxiliary industries of the grain, but mainly fertilizer, agriculture chemical, improved variety and the processed products etc. have closer relation with the international competitiveness of grain, So we carry on international comparative analysis from these respects mainly, to analyze and judge its impact on international competitiveness of China's grain.The strategy, structure and competition of business enterprise The impact that enterprise's strategy, structure and domestic competition have on international competitiveness of one industry in one country, on one hand displays in whether the competitive strategy of domestic enterprises is combined with the national environment and competition advantage source of this industry organically; on the other hand whether there is valid competition mechanism at home and whether such effective competition mechanism has close cooperation with competition advantage source of this industry. The scope of the enterprise and occupation rate of market are important factors determining comprehensive competition strength of enterprise's products market, especially for the grain whose economic benefits of the scale are obvious; The enterprises of producing and managing grain expand business scale and improve the occupation rate of market, which is still helpful to raise the brand competitiveness of the products. The high efficiency operation and perfect modern market system of some industry in one country is helpful to obtain competitive advantage and to improve the international competitiveness. So we carry on international comparative analysis mainly about enterprise scale degree, organizational form of grain enterprise and his competitive strategy etc.Two cofactorsGovernment function Government's real function in industry's international competition advantage is to influence the basic factors such as the condition of production factor, market demand condition, relevant and auxiliary industry's state, and enterprise's strategy, structure and competition, etc. The government can influence (and influenced) any one in four factors initiatively or passively. Under the condition of market economy, the market should be a foundation of disposing resources, but the market mechanism will do not work in some aspects, this needs the government to carry on macro adjustments and controls in order to fully give play to the role of market mechanism. However, the purpose of government's macro adjustments and controls can only remedy the market that does not work, if the government does not follow the economic law, it will cause more serious consequence than the market mechanism that doesn't work to intervene excessively. So, under the condition of market economy, the government's macro adjustments and controls must be set up on the foundation that do not damage the inherent competitiveness of market mechanism, guarantee that the market mechanism operates effectively, namely should confine strictly to the field in which the market mechanism does not work, this accords with the demands for agricultural agreement of Uruguay Round too. It is helpful to the factor that determines international competition advantage to function better, and to improve the international competition advantage that government operates well; on the contrary it may weaken the international competition advantage. So, we are mainly based on the principle that the government need to carry on essential macro adjustments and controls when market mechanism does not work in some respect of grain markets, and analyze the impact on international competitiveness of grain that basic policies and measures of Chinese Government have in adjusting and controlling the market which does not work, and compare worldwide.Opportunity Though incident has created the opportunity to raise the international competitiveness for some industries, but because the randomness of the incident is very great, whether the grain of one country could win the international competition advantage, the more important one is to depend on four basic factors and the government's function. So we regard the opportunity as the specific market chance to improve the international competitiveness, the center of the study is mainly how to seize the opportunity through four basic factors and government's function, obtain or improve the international competitiveness.II. Main research conclusionsi. Production and tradeThe reap area and output of the world and Chinese cereal crops concentrate mainly on three varieties of grains, wheat, maize, world grain output centers in China, U.S.A., European Union, India, the union of Russia etc., the output of the grain in China is the greatest over the world. The output of world rice are mostly decided by Asian countries', mainly including China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Thailand, Burma and Philippine, the output of the grain in China is the most in the world. World wheat's output mainly centers in more than ten countries such as China, European Union, U.S.A., India, Russia, Canada, Australia, Pakistan, Turkey and Argentina, etc., the cultivated area and output of the wheat in China are greatest in the world. World maize output mainly centers in U.S.A., China, Brazil, Mexico and France. China is the second important country of producing maize only to American in the world.The grain assortment of the world trade is mainly grain, wheat, maize and their products. World grain export centers in the countries such as U.S.A., European Union, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Thailand, etc. Japan, Mexico, Korea S., Egypt, Iran, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and European Union country is mainly the countries that have more import volume of the world grain. The volume of rice trade is minimum in three major cereal crops, but its trade volume rises fastest since 1990s; The export trade of the world grain and products is mainly rice, world rice export centers in China, Thailand, Vietnam, U.S.A., India, Pakistan, European Union country, etc. mainly, the rice importer of the world is more scattered. World wheat and products trade are mainly wheat, wheat powder and processed goods, the volume of wheat trade is the biggest of the three main cereal crops in world; The world wheat and wheat powder export mainly centers in U.S.A., Australia, Argentina and Tajikistan, Canada, European Union, etc. To the wheat importers of the world, there are more exporters, but there are European Union's countries, Japan, China, Brazil, Iran, Algeria, Iraq, Morocco, Indonesia, Korea S., etc. where there is more import volume of wheat. The export trade of the world maize and products is mainly maize, the maize is the second variety only to the wheat in the international grain trade too. U.S.A. is the greatest export country of the world maize, other main exporters is European Union, Argentina, China, etc. mainly. To the maize importer of the world, there are more exporters, the countries which import more are European Union country, Japan, Korea S., Mexico, Malaysia, Colombia, Algeria, Brazil, etc.ii. The status of international competitivenessThe international competitiveness of the rice is relatively high in three kinds of main cereal crops; the international competitiveness of the maize and wheat is very low. Its concrete conditions are as follows: rice, vermicelli and fermented drink of rice are the varieties of the Chinese rice which has relatively higher international occupation rate of market, the varieties having higher trade competition index are mainly rice, the precise /brown rice, grains and vermicelli's, so comparatively the international competitiveness of the rice and vermicelli is relatively strong. But compared with other main exporters, the international competitiveness of China is still relatively weak.The international occupation rate of market of the Chinese wheat powder is very low, but on the rise, the international occupation rate of market of Chinese millet cake, wheat bran, bread and wheat microorganism has been very low all the time. As a whole, the international competitiveness of the Chinese wheat is relatively weak, have risen to some extent slightly in the past two years. Every competitiveness index is shown as: The international occupation rate of market of the Chinese wheat has been very low all the time, the occupation rate of domestic market of this country reaches higher level at present after rising constantly, the competition index of trade has been the negative number and its absolute value has been relatively great all the time. The international fluctuating range of occupation rate of market of the Chinese maize is relatively great, but the rate has slightly the ascendant trend in recent years; The trade competition index of the Chinese maize is the negative value in many years, on the occasion of the positive value in the past two years, the competitiveness is relatively weak on the whole. The Chinese maize has been very low all the time in the market share of main importers in the world. The international competitiveness of different maize products, such as Chinese maize oil, corn, maize flour, maize bran, corndodger, etc. are relatively weak too.iii. Direct and Indirect factorsCost and priceOn the production cost of the unit product, China's grain and wheat have the advantage compared with the United States. The reason is that the China's grain and the wheat are produced by the small peasant households as principle, and a great deal of the labor forces with the low cost have replaced most mechanical use and China's extremely low land rent, which cause the production costs of grain and the wheat of China are lower, but the high labor productivity and the scale effect that specialized production brings by the American grain and the wheat are offset by the high labor force opportunity cost, high land use cost and agricultural farm machinery expenses .The China's grain produc...
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