Review Of Changes Of Foreign Trade Policy Of America

Since industrial civilization,any country's modernization contacts with foreign trade development. So foreign trade policy is important to a country's economic growth. America has become a strong country in the world from a backword colonial and foreign trade policy plays an important role. In 1934, before Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act,American foreign trade policy is reflected by tariff policy.Tariff rate's changes present foreign trade policy.Afterwards,reciprocal agreement by trade negotiation is a important way to implement foreign trade policy. In any case ,trade protectionism is always important in American foreign trade policy .This paper research's goal is to grasp the rules and provide the Chinese foreign trade policy-making with the enlightenment by review of American trade policy characteristic in different periods .We may prove that evolution rule of international trade policy, by review of changes of American foreign trade policy (1776-1940).This article consists of seven parts:introductions and main text.Firstly, introductions.The question proposed includes economic globlization,trade globlization , American role and influence,Chinese foreign trade policy orientation,role and influence.Literature summary and appraisal includes studies on American foreign trade policy rationale; on American foreign trade policy origin and influecing factors; on American foreign trade policy characteristic; on American foreign trade policy achievements; and analysis on domestic and foreign related literature research . This paper's structure arrangement includes introductions and the first chapter to the sixth chapter.This paper's innovation includes research angle aspect and research content aspect.The first chapter, foreign trade policy development and changes of policy. Firstly, free trade theory and free trade policy. It includes absolute interests theory and English Laissez-faire policy ,comparative advantage theory and English free trade policy,and Factor Endowment theory and its using. They analyze foreign trade foundation from international division of labor and they may American free trade policy. Secondly,protected trade theory and protectionist policy. It includes mercantilism and protectionist policy, tariff protecion theory and protection policy,weak industrial protection theory and protection policy, new mercantilism and protective measures. Thirdly, free trade theory development and revision.It concludes: the free trade theory and the protected trade theory is not the relations which opposes completely but the relations which is certain complementarity. Namely, the protected trade theory is the free trade theory development and the revision,which may explain American protectionist policy.The second chapter, establishment of foreign trade policy before and after founding of the nation(1776-1789). At the first , the causes and rationale of protectionist policy,including British mercantilism policy fetter , features of agriculture in colonial and mercantilism theory. Secondly,American foreign trade policy early years of the new nation,including Britain's colonial policy and protectionist policy execution. Thirdly,characteristic of American foreign trade policy including special trade relation with Britain and foreign trade policy characteristic.At last, foreign trade policy function including foreign trade and American industry development ;foreign trade and American agriculture development.The third chapter, protected trade for master line foreign trade policy(1789-1860). Firstly, foreign trade policy implementation background including foreign trade and American balanced development of industry and agriculture,economic relationships with Europe.Secondly,foreign trade policy implementation including Monroe Doctrine expansionist foreign policy and tariff policy.Thirdly, foreign trade policy characteristic, including positive trade with various European countries;embargo policy and reciprocal basis.Finally, foreign trade and industrial system's starting, including agricultural development laying industrial foundation and industrialization starting.By review of changes of American foreign trade policy, we prove the protected trade theory is the free trade theory development and the revision.The fourth chapter, protectionist policy to free trade policy evolution(1860-1914). Firstly,major questions economic development facing including American Civil War causing industrial prosperity and Roosevelt Panic causing financial crisis.Secondly,foreign trade policy implementation, including tariff policy ;America and commercial expansion.Thirdly, American foreign trade policy characteristic, including counter-V shape foreign trade change characteristic; government coordinated function strengthening. At last, foreign trade and US industrial system's formation, including foreign trade and agricultural transformation industrial system's formation.This paper benefits inquisition of internaional trade rules by elaboration of American foreign trade policy.The fifth chapter, drastic change time American foreign trade policy development(1914-1940).Firstly, foreign trade policy transformation underground, including America and World Warâ… ; 1929 economical collapse. Secondly, foreign trade policy transformation including protectionist policy to free trade policy transformation and foreign trade policy during New Deal.Thirdly, foreign trade policy characteristic,including from export of commodities to export of capital and from plan adjustment to release lever adjustment. Afterward, foreign trade policy and American economy, including foreign trade policy influence on industry and agriculture; America as the world economic center instead of Britain.We may practise American foreign trade policy promotes the US to the state monopoly capitalism ,by researching American foreign trade policy from the beginning of World Warâ… to the beginning of World Warâ…¡.The sixth chapter, basic conclusions.Firstly, American foreign trade policy characteristic ,including protectionist policy implementation ; protectionist policy to free trade policy transformation.Secondly,American foreign trade policy origin, including foreign trade policy origin rationale and foreign trade policy origin. Thirdly, American foreign trade policy achievements,including promotion of industrial system's establishment; promotion of agricultural system's establishment; established world economics center status.Fourthly,American foreign trade policy changes to China's enlightment, including implementation of different foreign trade policy during different periods ;from trading country to trade powerful nation ;trade and economical development. We may better understand American foreign trade policy features from protectionist policy to free trade policy back to protectionist policy again,by elaboration of American foreign trade policy characteristic.We may better understand American foreign trade policy formulation by using political economy to analyze American foreign trade policy origin.We may better understand American foreign trade poliy plays a promoting role on industry and agricultural development by researching American foreign trade policy achievements. We may obtain the enlightenment to guide Chinese foreign trade policy formulation by reasearching American foreign trade policy.This paper uses the following researching approaches:1. Correlation analysis method. This paper uses Excel software to carry on the correlation analysis to 1914-1921 import amount and export amount. It concludes that both's degree of correlation is quite high.2. Regression analysis method. This paper uses Excel software to carry on the regression analysis to 1914-1921 import amount and export amount.It shows that there is the close correlational dependence between American import amount and export amout, and every time import amount increases a unit, export amount increases 1.63 unit. After domestic scholar, Zhangyuanpeng(2004), using this tool to conduct the foreign trade policy research, deal with 1971-2000 related statistical data, he carries on the least squares method regression analysis to American import amount and export amount logarithm and GDP logarithm with Eview. But it is the analysis to 90s foreign trade policy, the analysis to 1776-1940 foreign trade policy is quite few.3. Public choice theory application.The public choice theory is most early proposed by Buchanan. It is politics economic theory and it uses neoclassic economic analysis tool to study the collective policy-making political process. This paper uese"public choice"theory to analyze American foreign trade policy origin. Shengbin (2001) uses"public choice"theory to analyze Chinese foreign trade policy, which helps to this paper research.4. Images and forms are used to analyze and explain data. For example, we may see foreign trade import and export amount change so as to analyze foreign trade change tendency by image 3-1 1790-1860 import-export trade and image 4-1 1860-1939 import-export goods statistical image.The article place of innovation lies in:1. Research angle aspect. The article expounds American foreign trade policy content, characteristic, reason and achievements from trade angle by researching 1776-1940 American foreign trade policy. Especially it analyzes 1789-1860 bills implemented, and these bills manifest the different policy to the different industry, which protects industry and promote agriculture. From Civil War to World Warâ… industry developped,because free trade policy is implemented and the individual industry is protected.2. Research content aspect. The article thinks the free trade theory and protected trade theory does not oppose. The free trade theory has been a mainstream from Adam Smith, and the protected trade theory revises some conditions of free trade theory which causes the free trade theory in a new level. Meanwhile, it changes content into American foreign trade policy promoting agricultural development and industrial system's formation and so on deep level question. It has the theory significance for American economy sustainable development to research review of changes of foreign trade policy of America.