Research On Effect Of Metropiltan Area

This dissertation intends to solve the problem of why metropolitan area is needed. It is held that metropolitan area possesses five effects, which are agglomertion effect, diffusion effect, innovating effect, branding effect and integrating effect. The existence of the five effects makes the metropolitan area become an effective territorial form. The author takes the metropolitan area's stake holders'advantage as the standpoint which runs through the whole research on the different effects. The perspective of game is adopted to interpret the cooperation and competition within the metropolitan area while strict academic model is built to set forth some vital theories in metropolitan area's development. Owing to the core cities'primary status in the metropolitan area, this thesis focuses on what effect has the development of the metropolitan area had on the core cities. Of the six chapters, each respectively analyzes the nature of the metropolitan area as well as its five effects. In virtue of the crucial status of the agglomerating and integrating effects, the author throws more light on them. Metropolitan area is a naturally-formed territorial organization which came into being as a result of the city and region's growing into a economically specific stage. It is a circulized city system driven by the market power. The core circle, the inner circle and the outer circle represented by the core cities play different roles in the metropolitan area.Metropolitan area is usually named after the core city which makes the area's leading power and stands for its branding image. Metropolitan area's competitiveness is mainly manifested by its core city's competitiveness. The development of the metropolitan area is the result of the market power combined with the balance and harmony of all the districts'benefits of the whole area. This territorial form is effective in that it ends the partition of the area's benefit. Conflict and coordination among different districts'benefit-holders within the metropolitan area is the basic staring point of research on metropolitan area.Agglomertion effect is economic product of industries'agglomeration within the metropolitan area. Positive economic agglomertion effect stems from exterior information, pool of inter-entered products and share in risk and infrastructure etc. Economic agglomertion effect includes not only enterprise size and scope economic effect but industrial exterior size and scope economic effect. Industrial agglomeration experienced two stages: manufacturing agglomeration and servicing agglomeration. Theories of industrial agglomeration also experienced the same two developing stages: manufacturing agglomeration theories and servicing agglomeration theories. Currently, service industry's agglomeration in core cities is the main phenomena of the metropolitan area's industrial agglomeration whose general rules are as following: first, service industry is agglomerating in metropolitan area and the proportion of leading metropolitan area's service industry in the whole country is increasing continuously. Second, the larger the size of metropolitan area is, the higher the degree of the industrial agglomeration will be. Third, the degree of high-class service industry's agglomeration is the highest. Fourthly, due to the difference between different metropolitan area's economic foundation and cultural background, difference in agglomerating service industries is obvious. Fifthly, evident tendency of high-classification is found in core cities'industrial agglomeration. Tokyo's statistics reflect the existence of metropolitan area's agglomertion effect. Using Eviews 3.1 to process statistics of American 361 cities's population density and per capita income, it is indicated that obvious agglomertion effect is found in American cities. Exerting China's national sectional statistics as well as that of 18 cities in 1986, 1996 and 2005, it is found that all kinds of elements have been agglomerating in metropolitan area. Furthermore, distinct agglomertion effect is shown in metropolitan area as a whole in the perspective of per capita and per square meter GDP. Moreover, having analyzed China's 18 cities'sectional statistics, it can be concluded that in spite of the great difference among different districts, agglomertion effect in metropolitan area is distinctively related to its primary city's non-agricultural population agglomeration. The higher the metropolitan area agglomeration is, the greater the agglomertion effect will be.Metropolitan area's diffusion effect is agglomertion effect's inevitable result. Industry's large-scale agglomeration in core cities makes the core cities'business cost increase greatly. As a result, exterior non-economy of the agglomeration becomes more and more evident. With the metropolitan area's integration and its transportation infrastructure improves continually and its communication and information technology develops greatly, industry's driven to outsider. The diffusions include industry diffusion and spatial structure diffusion. Contrast to metropolitan area's agglomeration effect, the industry diffusion is also developed from manufactory industry diffusion to service industry diffusion. We use London's finance service diffusion and Tokyo metropolitan area's spatial structure diffusion as case and find it's regular. The metropolitan area spatial diffusion is the solidification of industry diffusion, displays as the regional city structure in rank and network. We prove that the industry diffusion in metropolitan area finally resulted as multi-centralized spatial structure. The multi centralized structure is not only presented in multi-centralized in core city but also in total metropolitan area. The diffusion effect can promote the metropolitan area interior industrial structure optimization, impel the metropolitan area overall industrial structure to higher level, promote the metropolitan area's integration level, and forms reasonable city structure system in the metropolitan area.Metropolitan area is one kind of regional organization form that is advantageous to the innovation. Metropolitan area is helpful in forming the integrity the innovation chain and constructing regional innovation system. Metropolitan area is advantageous to innovation because of the following factors: The metropolitan circle's industry agglomeration is advantageous to innovation; The metropolitan area has the abundant education scientific research strength; The metropolitan area has the developed sharing scientific research foundation platform; The metropolitan circle's social capital is high; The metropolitan area's integrated big market enhanced the enterprise's innovation motivity; The metropolitan area is attractive to the innovational, talented person ; The metropolitan area has the more developed financial service system. The Shanghai metropolitan circle each innovation data may show the metropolitan circle can promote the innovation.Metropolitan area has brand image itself, it is composed of cities'brands and the essential factors'brands , in which the main function is the brand of core city and the advantage industries'brand. The metropolitan area brand comes into being through the experience, the sensation, the association, the contrast of the metropolitan area's customers, the brand also belongs to the stake holders of metropolitan area brand.The brand of metropolitan area has the characteristics such as complexity, conformability, co-operativity, leading and dynamics. The metropolitan area's brand effect may improve the value added of the stake holders', which is composed of the attraction external investment, attraction more domestic and foreign tourists and investors. The metropolitan area's brand effect is mainly originated from origin brand effect, the brand loyalty from comprehensive fine reputation. The effect includes insider and outsider kinds of effect.As the outsider effect, it may promote the metropolitan area's image, has the function of gathering essential factors, can enhance the brand, and the promotion function. As the insider effect then mainly displays of the demonstration effect, the optimization effect and the integration effect. The London metropolitan area's superiority on the attraction overseas immigration and FDI compared with the European other metropolitan circle indicates the big role of region's brand.Construction of the brand should follow the principles such as coordination, conformity, core city dominance, cultural marketing and so on. Supporting and strengthening superiority industry agglomeration, taking core city's brand as the leadership, promoting the brand by cultural marketing are the key strategies to accelerate the metropolitan area's brand effect.Integration of metropolitan area refers to the independent economy entity becoming an unification economic region, realizing free flowing of resources, the capital, the manpower, the product and so on, eliminating the segmentation of markets, the regional protection and tax competition in FDI. Metropolitan area's integration is not only the goal and the result of regional economy development, but also a gradual realizing progress of economy conformity. The metropolitan area's integration effect is the important foundation of other effects, the agglomeration effect is because of the regional integration makes possible for industry agglomeration in wider area, accordingly, the diffusion effect also based on the fact that integration can optimize the resources'distribution in bigger region.The metropolitan area's brand can only be generated from the integrated situation, where the superiority of each region is mutual benefit, produces brand surpassed the core city brand image, thus makes the stakeholder of metropolitan area's brand all get the brand premium.Innovation effect of metropolitan area exists itself because of the integration can promote talented person's free flowing, make researcher in the wider region to share the platform and get the bigger market. If without integration, it is no sense to discuss the metropolitan area's innovation effect and the building up of metropolitan circle's regional innovation system. In brief, the integration may bring agglomeration effect, competition effect, investment effect, innovation effect and so on, makes the entire metropolitan area's economy incessant realized rational, optimization of economy structure, improves the speed and the quality the economy growing unceasingly under the leading of core city.The primary factor which stunts metropolitan circle's integration is the different benefit of stakeholders, specially the conflict among local authorities. Extending to Justman & Thises'tax competition model by game theory can interpret the chief obstacle in our country well .According to the model, speeding up the political reform is the important way to advance metropolitan area's integration. The reform of official selection and promotion system, government performance evaluation system is the fundamental strategy to solve the problem of regional competition, and establishing the mechanism voting with the feet is a n effective substitution to the lagged political reform.In general, agglomeration effect is the most fundamental effect of metropolitan area. Integration effect is the result of metropolitan area's development, but also precondition and guarantee of other effects. Diffusion effect is the balance mechanism of agglomeration effect. Brand effect is value performance of metropolitan development, and innovation effect is the result of construction of metropolitan area's regional innovation system. The combined effect of metropolitan area consists of the five effects, upgrading the competitive ability and efficiency of metropolitan area wholly.