A Study Of Eco-environment Health Assessment On Golf Course

As a special kind of urban green space, the eco-environment problems of golf course have always been concerned and oppugned by all sectors of society. According to the location, construction type and management mode, three golf courses (named by golf course A, B and C) in Beijing were selected in this study. The eco-environment problems of these golf courses were studied from the perspectives of atmosphere, surface water, soil and vegetation by using the methods of field monitoring, field sampling and field survey. Meanwhile, the appropriate evaluation indexes were selected by the combination of a variety of methods that include theoretical analysis, expert consultation, correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Then, the index system of eco-environment health assessment was established by using analytic hierarchy process, and the weight value of each index was determined by using the combination of subjective and objective method. Finally, the health status of eco-environment on three golf courses was calculated using comprehensive assessment method, and golf course eco-environment health assessment management information system (GCMIS) was designed and built by using the information system development technology. The results are as follows:(1) Compared with outside the golf course, golf course green space decreased temperature, noise, particulate matter content, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration, and increased air humidity and negative air ions. The annual average noise was reduced 9.0 dB, but there was no significant difference in different seasons. The annual average purification rate of PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and NO2 was 18.0%,20.1%,14.6% and 17.4%, respectively, and the purification rate was the highest in summer, while the lowest in winter. The PM2.5 had a highly positive significant correlation with PM10, and four kinds of pollutants all had highly significant negative correlation with temperature and humidity. The annual average content of negative air ions on golf course was 2.76 times higher than outside the golf course, and the increment was the highest in summer, while the lowest in winter. The level of negative air ions had a significant positive correlation with temperature and humidity.(2) The degree of eutrophication in surface water was relatively serious in summer and early autumn on three golf courses, while relatively good in spring and winter. Besides, the content of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) was seasonally higher than the fifth class category of Surface Water Environment Quality Standard on golf course A and C. The level of heavy metals was clean in artificial lake water. Cd and Pb were not detected in all water samples, and the content of Cu, Zn, Cr, As and Hg was below the third level of limiting value. The residue of chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and thiophanate-methyl was not found in all water samples on three golf courses. The chlorothalonil was detected in individual water samples, but their content was lower than the limiting value of Surface Water Environment Quality Standard.(3) A significant difference of soil fertility was found in different area on three golf courses. The pH of soil was weak alkaline, the content of organic matter, total nitrogen and available potassium was relatively low, and the available phosphorus content was slightly high. Moreover, the soil enzyme activities had significant correlation with organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and some heavy metals. There was no significant difference between heavy metals content in different area, and their content was below the secondary standard value of Soil Environmental Quality Standard. Furthermore, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of soil heavy metals were still insignificant when people frequently contacted with the soil. The residue of cypermethrin and thiophanate-methyl was not found in all soil samples on three golf courses. The detection rate of chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos was 0.69% and 2.08%, respectively, but their content was far below the limiting value of relevant national standards.(4) The proportion of native plants was high on three golf courses, but the vegetation type was relatively less, the utilization of space under the forest and aquatic plants was insufficient. The turfgrass quality was good on three golf courses, among them the highest was golf course B, and the lowest was golf course C. In the aspect of vegetation landscape quality assessment, the score of health status, ornamental and coordination was high, and the difference of them was not significant among three golf courses, while the score of species diversity, space level and original nature on golf course C was higher than on golf course B and C. In the aspect of vegetation functional evaluation, the score of play difficulty and guide was the lowest and highest, respectively, and the difference of them was not significant among three golf courses, while the score of security and isolation on golf course C was better than on golf course B and C.(5) The health index of eco-environment on three golf courses was 0.618,0.701 and 0.643, respectively, which were all at sub-health level. The health index of atmospheric environment on three golf courses was all at mild morbidity level, the health index of surface water environment on three golf courses was at mild morbidity, health and sub-health level, respectively, and the soil and vegetation environment were all at sub-health level. The main problems of eco-environment on three golf courses were PM2.5 pollution, low air cleanliness, high water nutrition and low soil fertility, while the health advantages of eco-environment were the good vegetation environment, low heavy metal content and pesticide residue in water and soil.(6) Based on the eco-environment health evaluation purpose, system and method, the GCMIS was established in this study. Three function modules of GCMIS were index system management, eco-environment quality management and system management, respectively. The index system, weight value, user information and permission could be revised and managed through GCMIS.Moreover, the results of eco-environment health assessment could be showed according to the automatic calculation of GCMIS. The evaluation result of eco-environment on Yichang golf course using GCMIS indicated that the system had strong stability, practicability and maneuverability.