On International Cooperation Mechanism In Climate Change--The Kyoto Mechanism

Human environment are getting worse because of economic continuing growth and rapid population growth, especialy global climate being warmer and warmer which has caused ecosystem a state of disorder. In order to solve the climate problem and surmount the diemma of collective action, international community have created many systems such as Tokyo Mechansm and so on. However, with post-Tokyo era coming, what Tokyo Mechansm should has become the key point. This article will give some advice for China to deal with the climate problem during post-Toyko era by studying Tokyo Mechansm and taking a long view of post-Toyko Mechansm.Firstly, this article looks the social background of the birth of Tokyo Mechansm as a breakthrough point, it points out that climate problem is the background source of the birth of Tokyo Mechansm. And it analyzes the birth and development of Tokyo Mechansm.International action dealing with climate change is collective action. The theories of the birth of Tokyo Mechansm are rational choice theory, social capital theory, theory of ideology and so on. According to Collective Action Theory, rational individual country pursues interests of maximization, which may not lead to the collective rational result, but it may lead to the diemma of collective action such as "free-riding" and "the logic of collective action". The factors which influence collective actions which decrease green gases include the scale fo groups, selective induces, individual interests and cost of group. This article points out that in order to surmount the diemma of collective action, there are four routing selections, such as to give selective indunces, to form social capital, to play a role of strong nation, and to strengthen building systems.Tokyo Mechanism includes joint implementation(JI),clean development mechanism, emission trading mechanism. The third chapter studies the constitution and influence of Tokyo Mechanism, and it points out that the three mechanisms are different, but are connected, they are formed into the market mechanism. And they will influence international politics and economy. Tokyo Mechanism will influence economy, which may include the influences to every country’s economy and welfare, to its competitiveness and industrial structure, to international capital flows, to energy technology, and even conflict rules of world trade. Based on this, basic legal principles of Tokyo Mechansm are studied, which are international cooperative principle, cost-effectiveness principle, sustainable principle and the principle of the common but distinct responsibilities.Chapter Four points out that EU plays an active and a lead role in international collective action. EU fulfils its promises through "internal arrangements". In order to get to its aim, EU has adopted some systems, such as EU Ets in 2005 has been strenghtened in 2008.EU’s polices in dealing with climate change give many experiences and lessons for international community, for example, EU has adopted many selective induces to encourage private communities and the public to participate in the collective action.Developing countries have done something to reduce greenhouse gases emission. The fifth chapter looks China as an example, which points out that China should adopt Tokyo Mechanism to solve more and more serious environmental problems such as climate change problem which has been caused by increasing energy consumption. And things about Tokyo Mechanism and legal policies in China are described, problems during which Tokyo Mechanism is carried out in China have been deeply studied. Meanwhile, emission trading in China is the key in this chapter.USA has not participated in the collective action of greenhouse gases emission reduction, it has done many voluntary actions to deal with climate change. Chapter Six studies the energy and legal policies which USA has done to solve the climate change problem, which points out that USA mainly has done such policies as actions at home and public and private partnerships to reduce greenhouse gases emission, enhancing scientific and technical development programs of climate change, clean development partnerships, global climate change partnerships, and development and use of renewable energy sources. Among these, emission transaction of USA has become the model which other countries study from.As the key pint, Chapter Seven analyzes the things about climate change, many solutions which magy countries have done to deal with the problem, the things about Tokyo Mechanism throughout the world, and the results which industrilized countries have got by reducing greenhouse gases emission, and Copenhagen Agreement, which does not deal with Tokyo Mechanism. Baesd on the analysis, limitations of Tokyo Mechanism and obstacle factors which it continues to develop are emphasized. And it analysizes the possible development of post-Tokyo Mechanism and gives some suggestions. These suggestions include that the development of post-Tokyo Mechanism should abide by the principle of fairness and the principle of the common but distinct responsibilities,countries shoule develop flexible mechanisms with technological development and transfer base, and strong nations should play a lead role and adopt some effective solutions to perfect Tokyo Mechanism, and so on. Above all, China should do her best to solve the climate change problem in the era of post-Tokyo, the followings are what she should do:to develop low-carbon economy, to enhance related policies and laws to offer enough selective incentives, to construct the policies and laws of carbon trade and emission trading, and to educate the public’s sense of participation and social capital.