| Water conservancy has important significance for semi-arid agriculture in the Haihe river plain basin. Water conservancy’s stability continues to play a role depends on Water resources and irrigation works. Water conservancy has experienced drastic fluctuate the Haihe river plain basin during1360-1945, Channel irrigation eventually decay and well water irrigation competitor to become the main way of water conservancy. The changes of water conservancy, not only was closely related to the social politics, economic situation, but also was the result of the decline of water environment in the Haihe river plain in the six hundred years.Water environment is mainly composed of river, lake and groundwater, the waters receded and the Haihe river plain area of middle land gradually revealed since the late Holocene. Until the Warring States period, only appeared in the southern Plains Water Conservancy because the water is more serious. The initial population was mainly distributed high-lying areas in the Taihang Mountain and relatively south of Yanshan, water conservancy also appears in this area and gradually eastward expansion with the Haihe river water system gradually stable. In general, for thousands of years of Haihe river plain water environment is in recession. But for humans too much water before medieval society, waterlogging is a serious social problem. Water environment was just in a suitable condition for human beings and water conservancy so most flourish in the tang dynasty. Tangluo (塘泺) court was establish for the defense, appeared insufficient water, the rise of large-scale artificial diversion activities in northern song dynasty.the Haihe river plain basin climate stabilization and give priority to with dry cleaning since the beginning of1360, this period is called the little ice age in the Ming and Qing dynasties by academia. But this stability is relative, also appeared several times to pick up during the cold and the length is differ, the shortest10years or so, the longest60years or so. Warm climate easily bring abundant rainfall and channel filling. During the Ming and Qing dynasties water conservancy rise two small peaks, One is from1531to1590, the other one is from1725to1765, Also happens to be warm climate period, this is not a coincidence, it is necessary. Under the guarantee of adequate funds, the Haihe river plain water conservancy presents a prosperous in line with the victims for the purpose with the establishment of the mechanism of water conservancy.But the rainy period is not normal, climate in a dry, or dry and warm in the transition period in more than two-thirds of the time. Due to reduced rainfall, surface water runoff and the consequent reduction in severe drying phenomenon, the larger lakes in the area quickly shrinking, smaller or even disappear. Because diving layer can not be properly recharged, springs veins began to appear weak or stop the phenomenon. The republic of China in late Qing dynasty began to popular tree planting activities in order to obtain water for agricultural production. The purpose of planting more, one of which is to conserve water which reflection of the recession in the water environment. Against this background, the Haihe River Water Conservancy decline to the west in the geographical area.At this point is given priority to with rain, but the weather is rather cold, the cold wet weather and normal, dry and wet conditions, to the contrary, show that the complexity of the relationship between climate and hydrology period1800-1850, The last time a similar climate can be traced back to10～13century. Although precipitation amount, but the water is flagging, low-lying place water can’t drain for many years, in the silt, forming a vicious cycle, and show the multiplicity of restricting factors of water conservancy. Lack of necessary water conservancy facilities is the result of financial distress, military took the court, the Yellow River and canal enormous energy, combined with the quantity price rises, silver your money base and river corruption, lead to the court to take negative water policy.Water resources was reducing while the population was growing fast, the demand for water makes the water disputes appear frequently, downstream in the counties because of the early loss of water conditions, and developed "pattern" of the water, even in a drought also appear less water for the dispute in FuYang river. In the upstream of the Ci(磁县) and Yong Nian(永年) formed by abundant period of rain in early rice in such a way that during the drought dispute continuously, caught in the middle of HanDan (邯郸) also alone. In the case of government regulate basic invalid eventually formed a "after the first" distribution pattern. in addition, because of the rights and responsibility within the brake FuYang river valley express very not clear, stop brake canal Yan waste when reconstruction in time; XingTai (邢台) due to form the "lian (镰)" centered with water system, and makes the water has been stable operation; And two GuangLi (广利) channel and fall of more than two hundred years, and is not only the operational problem, caused by worsening ecological accelerated a lot more.Due to groundwater not easily affected by climate change and the water is relatively stable, so the well water irrigation is able to rise. Before the18th century, well irrigation is often viewed as disaster relief, but due to sinking technology and funds problem is difficult to a wide range of promotion. Drought in north China in1920, represented by sino-foreign will spring up with ngos and official loan sinking, at this time the introduction of engineering technology, west of sinking technical problems solved step by step. Because of the well irrigation in individual farmers for irrigation unit, relatively high cost, so well irrigation are mainly distributed in three of the Haihe river plain cotton, especially in the Hankou-Beijing line area.After the918incident, South Manchuria Railways Co have made detailed investigation about the Haihe river plain irrigation condition, the investigation report on water conservancy measures become the Japanese occupied areas in Hebei during the Anti-Japanese War’s important resources. In order to meet the demand for cotton, Japan use will improve in the kosi puppet institutions, such as north China cotton advocate sinking irrigation. Because the cotton price control, and at the same time food crop prices, cotton farmers unprofitable and forced to grow sorghum, corn and other crops to survive, due to reduced large draught animals carry water become a big problem, most cotton irrigation wells eventually became furnishings. |
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