| As an element representing features and quality of a city, color plays an important role of symbolization in the urban development. The influence of color is found in people’s living, travel, rest and other activities. Short-term highly efficient construction has boosted the urbanization in China, but urban disease has become increasingly severe with the acceleration of urbanization. The color carriers from different development periods are mixed constantly, and the color homogenization and fragmentation are intensified. Therefore, the environmental quality of color needs to be improved urgently. As the speeding up of globalization in China, it has been realized that unique color feature is an efficient way to improve city influence. Since the issuance of the first administrative regulation of building color in 2000, special planning of color has been formulated in at least 30 cities in China till now. Since the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the former excessive pursuit of urbanization speed has been eliminated, and much focus is put on urbanization quality and people-centered idea. Therefore, it has become a new research paradigm in the planning field to take the urban as a complicated adaptive system with high integrity.Urban color planning, aiming at achieving the coordinated development of human behavior and color entity and element, is essentially the research of man-land relationship. Although the research system represented by Color Geography has been established, with some remarkable achievements obtained, the theory and methodology of color planning have not yet been developed because of the inherent multiple attributes of color. The main problems are as follows: (1) In terms of theoretical framework, the concept of Color Geography exerts great influence on the research of urban color in China. But there is a lack of exploration and expression of spatial pattern and process in the traditional Color Geography, which leads to the incompleteness of theory system and logical framework of urban color planning and the lower planning efficiency. (2) In terms of methodology, the achievements of urban color planning are extremely vulnerable to doubt because of the absence of space perspective and basic means of digital planning in research of man-land relationship, along with the poor understanding of the complexity and diversity of colors. (3) In terms of technology, as the scale of color planning changes from blocks to an entire city, the traditional color planning lacks efficient means of data analysis and planning management at stages of investigation and color choosing, analysis and evaluation, and planning and management. Thus it is urgent to establish a self-consistent system of theory and methodology based on efficient technologies so as to support the urban color planning in China in new situation. This study is carried out for such purpose.This article is composed of nine chapters, including Introduction (Chapter 1), Theory Establishment (Chapter 2), Establishment of Methodology (Chapter 3), Empirical Study of Color Planning in Luoyang City (Chapter 4 to 8) and Conclusion (Chapter 9). Taking the color planning in Luoyang City as the object of empirical research, this article applies the above theory, method and technology of color planning in practice, and gains a series of innovative achievements.Chapter 2. This article applies the organization pattern of Complex Adaptive System and then conducts theoretical exploration of urban color system and its planning framework from three aspects according to such system epistemic logic as "acclimatization-adaptive agent-adaptive model". The three aspects are as follows:(1) Natural environment, artificial environment and cultural environment are defined as different types of adaptive exterior environments. (2) The adaptive agents within three geographical scales (i.e., region, urban and neighborhood) are established to delimit the space needs investigation in the color planning and to represent human behavior and boundary restriction of land in color adaptation. (3) The adaptive process of "overall positioning-space layout-control guideline" is developed for the color planning, and passive and active adaptation are both considered. Thus, the systematicness and operability of urban color planning are enhanced.Chapter 3. The problems in data storage and analysis & expression are solved:(1) The establishment of color space database on the basis of GIS plays a key role in the classification, analysis, evaluation, expression and management of color data. (2) Passive and active adaptation runs through the entire process of urban color planning. The adaptation between color, man and geographic space is determined by Visual Saliency Grading Analysis, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Spatial Sensitivity Analysis, Spatial Suitability Analysis, Spatial Accessibility Analysis and Figure-ground Relationship Analysis. Rigid equalization regulation is substituted by grading and specific restriction by elastic range so as to find the balance point of planning, management and restriction.Chapter 4. The storage and abstraction of color identification data is detailed with the establishment of color database of Luoyang City. According to the demands of design and establishment of spatial database by ArcGIS, topographic data related to Luoyang City, as well as the transport map, landuse map and historical and cultural sites under protection of all levels are recorded to form the base map. Additionally, color elements in 1200 digital images obtained from on-site investigation are classified and abstracted in proportion by visual saliency calculation. They are then brought into the Munsell color system for quantification and expression, after which the color spatial database of Luoyang City is formed.Chapter 5. The overall positioning of color in Luoyang City is defined, and the key colors and general color spectrum are determined. The city as a whole is regarded as the adaptive agent, while the macro regional environments such as the natural environment, artificial environment and cultural environment are taken as adaptive exterior environments. On this basis, the passive and active adaptation of overall appearance of Luoyang City are realized. The passive adaptation investigates the influence of changes of natural environment, cultural environment and artificial environment, while the active adaptation analyzes the color evolution in Luoyang City and its adaptation and matching with the space from the perspective of regional expansion of urban space, adjustment of urban industrial structure and space-time relationship between cities. According to AHP and elastic planning strategy, Luoyang City takes grey and khaki as key colors and brings forward the preferential and forbidden color spectrum.Chapter 6. The space layout of color in Luoyang City is determined, and several color control areas are divided. In this Chapter, the natural environment, artificial environment and cultural environment in mesoscopic scale are taken as the exterior environment. The passive and active adaptations of space layout of color are reviewed from the quantitative perspective. The passive adaptation adopts spatial sensitivity evaluation to judge the matching degree between color and land unit, while the active adaptation judges the strategic location of urban color by spatial suitability evaluation. In the light of multi-index comprehensive evaluation, specific planning measures are formulated, such as taking grey and khaki as the key colors in color space layout of Luoyang City, and the setting of 4 grades of control intensity,6 feature areas of colors and key rectification areas.Chapter 7. The color control guideline for feature areas of old Luoyang city is developed in Chapter Seven. Here, the visual units in feature areas are regarded as adaptive agents and the neighborhood circumstance in city at micro level as the exterior environment of the agents. The process of "establishment of basic rules-assignment of adaptability-forming of new rules" is followed. The basic rules are established from the human perspective. Five types of expression are abstracted from the figure-ground relationship in color visual interface. The adaptability assignment, based on the clustering of color figure-ground relationship, determines the part with high adaptability in the rules by significance analysis and statistics of color in 200 digital images of such 5 types. The forming of new rules is to find the breakthrough point of guideline suitable for the feature areas of the old city from the combination of parts with high suitability.Chapter 8. The idea of digital planning and management is primarily developed in Chapter Eight. Highly efficient digital management of color planning is developed to cope with the professionality and complexity of urban color planning in Luoyang City. The establishment of management system of planning formulation and approval as well as planning and management information system is discussed in this article. The goal is to realize the overall grasp at macro level, rational control at mesoscopic level, as well as specific guidance, implementation and refining at micro level.The main innovations cover the following aspects:1. Theoretical extension. With the introduction of logic and basic model of Complex Adaptive System theory, the process of urban color planning is integrated in the framework of human geography by methods of metaphor, analogy and modeling so as to realize the theoretical extension of traditional Color Geography.2. Establishment of methodology. Quantitative model and geospatial representation are integrated in the analysis on urban color planning for the purpose of expanding the application of Color Geography through spatial quantitative analysis on man-land relationship. Passive and active adaptation runs through the entire process of urban color planning. Rigid equalization regulation is substituted by grading and specific restriction by elastic range so as to find the balance point of planning, management and restriction.3. Introduction of new technologies. Breaking the restriction of traditional manual process, the people-oriented digital analysis and modelling technology is established-Visual Saliency Grading Analysis, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Spatial Sensitivity Analysis, Spatial Suitability Analysis, Spatial Accessibility Analysis and Figure-ground Relationship Analysis. |
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