Research On Buddhist Cultural Landscape In Kham Tibet Area From Perspective Of Cultural Ecology

In the background of the west world’s humanities and social science "Cultural Turn", cultural landscape study which is full of rich cultural properties will have rapid development in deeply way. On multi-disciplinary field of research, the concept of cultural landscape have been defined, discussed, emphasized consistently. The first provision of “ The World Culture and Heritage Convention” recorded: cultural landscape is common works made by nature and humanity. The cultural landscape heritage should be selected based on the cultural landscape’s outstanding universal value(OUV), clear representation of geographic and cultural area where has a unique cultural factors. As a multi-ethnic country which has a large geographic area and full of rich and diverse cultures, China’s cultural landscape research would have very important and far-reaching significance. Finding effective research approaches and research methods would bring development of overall cultural landscape research for China.Through discussion on matching points and effectiveness between cultural ecology and cultural landscape research, the main content of this paper chosed Buddhist cultural landscape in Kham Area Tibet China and made a systematic research and analysis from perspective of cultural ecology. First started with cultural landscapes’ "living" ecological environment to do the basic research on Buddhist culture landscapes’ types and the component elements in Kham. Second, we have found the changing of cultural landscapes and kernel which happened with the culture of "acculturation" or "cultural succession"(or concurrence) has a mapping relationship between each other. The paper also discovered six kinds of forces in Kham’s Buddhist culture landscapes’ evolution and made an analysis on the effect of force field. Putting forward the “ecological integrity” and ecological integrity evaluation which associated organic evolution type of cultural landscape, we could classify protection and utilization, so that make long-term sustainable protection and development of the cultural landscape possible and provide corresponding strategies.The research methods: in the background of cultural geography, with the aid of the research content of cultural ecology, the paper based on the interdisciplinary research method selected the four main research directions: cultural idea of space and time, cultural response model, acculturation, cultural succession. As the breakthrough point of cultural landscape research, we discussed the Buddhist culture landscape in Kham and cultural landscape in the process of space and time presenting landscapes’ site selection, layout, structure, distribution, the cultural environment, landscape culture development and their mapping relationship changing. Using the analytic hierarchy process(AHP), Kham Buddhist cultural landscapes were analyzed in view of the force field. The paper also puted forward and established cultural landscape ecological integrity and its evaluation including principles and standards, method, index model and definition of indicator.Theoretically, the paper revealed Kham Buddhist culture landscape development and various driving force which make Kham Buddhist cultural landscape evolution happen and also make linkage development of cultural ecology and cultural landscape clear. It could provide theory for the research on development and change of other cultural landscape based on facts. Putting forward "ecological integrity" established a Buddhist cultural landscapes ecological integrity evaluation principle, system and method, and it also could provide effective theoretical path of protection and development for the same organic evolution type of religious cultural landscapes. Breaking the monomer with small scale landscapes research, the paper tryed to "linearize" cultural landscapes’ living time, "net" all the landscapes existence in region space level, and make all of landscape settlements in a "symbiosis" system in Kham. It could make cultural landscape research be more comprehensive and organic, providing good theoretical and practical basis in future theory study of cultural landscape as well, it also has important value for cultural landscapes’ future development, protection and sustainable use. From cultural landscape reading and interpretation of landscape process and reaction, cultural landscape research from the perspective of cultural ecology is dominated by the cultural research precisely.The theoretical path, method and the data obtained of this research could provide theoretical basis and reference for entire Tibetan Buddhist cultural landscape research and the similar organic evolution of religious cultural landscape research. Selecting the research perspective of cultural ecology also could make application of cultural landscape heritage in new regional joint model possible which extendeing to ethnic region, cultural transmission route area and so on.