The Tourists’ Multidimensional Perception About Characteristic Cultural Landscape In Cultural Tourism Destination

Multi-cultures are burst with a historical necessity in context of globalization.In the process of cultural exchange and fusion,cultural identification is particularly important.At the same time,as the important representation form and carrier of culture,cultural landscape has a certain constructive effect in the process of space production referring regional culture,and has the double effect as a culture symbol and tourism resources.The cultural,social,economy and local functions of cultural landscape are the important content of current research on cultural tourism.In addition,according the theory of environmental aesthetics,the cultural landscape and its surroundings are inseparable,but the stimulating effect of the environment affects both individual landscape aesthetic,and causes a series of emotional and behavioral responses.However,the construction of cultural landscape especially in the cities of China,have exist a phenomenon called "poverty of the landscape symbol".From the perspective of culture,this phenomenon has a basic reason which is named "cultural convergence".Because of the two phenomenon above,the diversity of the cultural landscape in the region gradually disappear,and cultural landscape are more and more blurred.The final results may lead to the lack of a sense of place and homesickness.From the perspective of typicality,as a special cultural landscape,calligraphic landscape has both commonness of cultural landscape and its unique personality.The unique functions(environmental explanation,adding atmosphere in place and triggering one’s emotion)of calligraphic landscape are indispensable mechanism in the process of interaction of‘man-environment’.The calligraphic landscape is one of representative landscape in traditional cultural landscape.The Chinese calligraphic landscape have a rich connotation and a variety of types,and have both cultural and ornamental(aesthetic)function with the material and non-material meanings.Thus,it is an important carrier to solve those problems referring "poverty of the landscape symbol" and " cultural convergence".At the same time,the theory of practice is the feeling of homesickness,calligraphy and landscape is workplace environment with special sense of place,so the calligraphic landscape is to make up for the lack of homesickness,shape the regional cultural landscape characteristics of breakthrough.Hence,this study employs concepts such as sense of place,theories in environmental aesthetics and environmental psychology,combining with the aesthetic,cultural connotation and the local construction of calligraphy landscape,and constructs a series of questionnaires that contain tourists’ multidimensional perceptions of the calligraphy landscape.First,this study analyses,via the methods such as literature analysis,factor analysis,structural equation model and exploratory spatial data analysis,the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and its impact factors of Chinese calligraphy landscape that was recorded in historical documents.Second,based on a constructed"(environmental)stimulus-response"model,this study further explores the impact of the preference and the cultural identification of calligraphy landscape on this model,and analyses the characteristics of the sense of place of the calligraphy landscape.Third,this study constructs a"stimulus-perception-response" framework in tourist’s sense of place research field from the environment,culture and preference perspectives.This study also provides a priori thinking and direction for the research of calligraphy landscape,cultural landscape and landscape from a subjective perspective.The following conclusions are reached.(1)Calligraphy landscape is both cultural symbols and consumer objects.Different types of calligraphy landscapes not only create the different place environment but also bring the individual with the different environmental perception and sense of place.Tourist attractions are not only the places for sightseeing,but also the places for consuming,which have certain impact on the tourist’s emotional and behavioral responses.As a cultural symbol,the calligraphy landscape creates a place with both aesthetic and communicative functions.Therefore,the aesthetic attributes indirectly stimulate the tourists to produce emotional and behavioral responses.According to the framework of "landscape-environment" in environmental aesthetics,both the natural and social environment bring a certain impact on tourist’s perception of the landscape.For example,the results of the two cases-closed traditional calligraphy landscape in the cultural tourist attractions and open modern calligraphy landscape in the urban cultural destination-show that they meet "(environmental)stimulus-response" model that normally discussed in a consuming place level.This finding indirectly proves that calligraphy landscape is a kind of tourism consumption products.At the same time,difference in place designation and space layout brings visitors a different perception.For example,the space layout of Jiaoshan forest of steles in Zhenjiang is different from that of the calligraphy square in Xiamen,because the former one is a closed scenic spot,while the latter one is an open leisure place.Furthermore,tourist’s perception of environmental stimuli is consistent with the emotional and behavioral responses in the two different types of calligraphy landscape cases.This result does not fully support the finding that Lee and Kyle noted,different environmental stimuli emerges different emotional and behavioral responses.The impact factors of the sense of place shows different strength under the influence of different types,different styles and different authenticity of the calligraphy.For example,the calligraphy landscape of Xiamen is highly ornamental and varied.Meanwhile,the majority of tourists are young people,who may be fonder of the calligraphy Landscape within a strong modern atmosphere.Zhenjiang displays a lot of the original monument artworks,and some of this have long history and is incomplete or hard to identification,which may affect tourist’s sense of place.The majority of tourists are young people who tend to pursue a comfortable and relaxed tourism atmosphere,and pay more attention to scenic places,pay more attention to the layout and the soft environment of the scenic spot,which result in the environmental stimulation factor plays the most important role in the impact factors of the sense of place.(2)Environmental stimulation can be regarded as the basis of multidimensional perception of cultural tourist destination.Environmental stimuli has significant effects on the landscape preference,cultural identity and sense of place.First,in terms of landscape preference,on one hand,it is obvious that the calligraphy landscape has certain aesthetic features,regardless of its type and history.In addition to the subjective factors,the aesthetic features are also impact by the objective environmental stimuli,which echoes the viewpoint that the landscape cannot be separated from environment in environmental aesthetics.On the other hand,the findings indirectly explain the landscape preference is easy to be affected by the environment of the places,and it is not a priori inherent attributes.This result is consistent with the viewpoints reported by Falk,J.H.and Balling,J.D.(2010).Additionally,the landscape perception theory holds that the environment has a strong functional direction,and it is an important source for human’s perception.Via a complex sensory stimulation source,such as light,color and building,water,vegetation,the environment produces a variety of aesthetic.Second,in terms of the culture of calligraphy,although the cultural identity of calligraphy is a kind of inherent cultural attributes and attitudes,it is still affected by the environment of the place via the association effect of calligraphy landscape.It also influenced by the individual social attributes and the calligraphy attributes.Finally,environmental stimulation can also be regarded as a pre-influencing factor that has a great contribution to the sense of place of calligraphy landscape.This result shows that the sense of place is also affected by transient stimulation.Therefore,the formation of the sense of place is not only dependent on the usual environment but also a temporary unusual environment.(3)The aesthetic,cultural identity and local sense of calligraphy landscape produce a series of emotional responses.In the habitat and psychology academic field,landscape preference is a mental activity characterized by human being’s special favor to some landscape for finding a safe and comfortable place environment.It is derived from a survival instinct that be safe and selfish,especially when one is threatened and fearful.Therefore,the original reason for the landscape preference is closely related to the emotion.Additionally,many scholars also directly or indirectly proved that the high landscape evaluation groups tend to have more positive emotions,such as happy,relaxed and so on.This results also strongly support this viewpoint.Furthermore,all emotions and behaviors can be treated as a kind of social construction of the culture,which bound to have a close relationship with cultural identity.This is one of the reasons why cultural identity of calligraphy produce a series of emotional and behavioral responses.Moreover,the result is related to tourist’s emotion,cognition and behavior to the calligraphy culture.Calligraphy cultural identity can be interpreted from the perspective of the cognition and emotion of "self’ culture,which is an important criterion to distinguish between "the other" and "I".Only when the tourists have enough emotional accumulation to the calligraphy culture,they will really be proud of it and realize the meaning of the "self" cultural role cognition(4)The spatial distribution of tourists’ perception on calligraphic landscape follows the distance diminishing law,and the distribution patterns are both similarities and differences between different cultural tourism destinations.The results of kernel density analysis show that tourists’ perception on calligraphic landscape presents "dumbbell-shaped" form.The core density sporadically distributed in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei,Yangtze River Delta,Northeast,Southwest area of China.Result of inverse distance weighted interpolation show that all kinds of perceived mean value follows the distance diminishing law in the spatial distribution perspective,while the direction of diminishing and decreasing rate is slightly different.Meanwhile,different types of calligraphy landscape have slightly different features.(5)Calligraphy attribute and social attribute of tourists affect the multidimensional perception of calligraphy landscape in cultural tourism destinations.Attributes significant affect tourists’ perception of calligraphy,landscape preference,calligraphy cultural identity and sense of place.However,the social property has less impact on it.Moreover,Tourists’ perception of environmental stimuli only affected by the individual’s social attributes.Landscape preference,calligraphy cultural identity and sense of place are dual effected by both individual calligraphy attributes(accounting for more than 60%)and social attributes.Tourists who have high the calligraphy property may have high calligraphy landscape preference and identity of calligraphy culture.They tend to form a sense of place.