Effects Of Oligosaccharides, Allicin And Yeast Extract On Growth And Health Of Pigs

In order to find suitable substitutes for antibiotics for growth and health of pigs, some alternatives, prebiotics, such as xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), plant extracts such as allicins were involved in the experiment. In order to find potential alternatives to animal originated feed source spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP), effect of non-animal originated feed source yeast extract rich of peptides on piglet was investigated.1 Effect of Oligosaccharide on Growth and Health of Pig ProductionTo check the possibility of oligosaccharide in replace of anitiobiotics in growth and health of pig production, Xylo-oligosaccharide(XOS)and Mannon-oligosaccharide(MOS) were involved in the experiment. Four parts of experiment were arranged. In the 1st part, 123 starters of Duroc X(Landrace X Large White)averaging in 49-day-old were divided into 7 groups with 3 replicates each in order to find the possibility of XOS or MOS applied in pig production. Pigs were fed with feed including 0%(CT),0.010%,0.015%,0.020%, 0.025%or 0.030%of XOS, or 0.100%of MOS. Based on the result from the part 1 experiment, possibility of XOS on piglet production was arranged in the 2nd part and 16 litters of piglets were selected and randomly allocated into two groups with 8 replicates each consisting of eight repeats of each. Normal antibiotics were involved in the feed of the control group, and XOS (0.010%) was used to replace antibiotics in the feed of treatment group. Piglets were supplementally fed started from 7 day after birth through 14 days after weaning (35 day of age). In the 3rd part,25 litters of piglets were divided into five groups with 5 replicates each to find the suitable content of XOS on piglet healthy production. Piglets were fed with basal diet plus 0%(CT),0.005%,0.010%,0.015%or 0.020%of XOS started from 7day after birth to 35day, two weeks after weaning. In the 4th part,108 weaners of Duroc X (Landrace X Large White) averaging in 21-day-old were divided into three groups, with 4 replicates each. Piglets were fed with basic feed plus 4%premix including some permitted antibiotics (CT),0.1%Mos and Na2SeO3 as the Se source, or 0.1%Mos and Selplex as the Se source. Results showed that ADG of piglets fed with diet with 0.015%or 0.020%of XOS in D8-D21 was significantly higher than that of those fed with diets of CT or with 0.005%or 0.010%of XOS (p<0.05). ADG of piglets fed with diet with 0.015%or 0.020%of XOS in D22-D35 was significantly higher than that of those fed with diets of CT (p<0.05). Except that of piglets fed with diets with 0.030%of XOS, which was significantly lower than that of those in CT or fed with diet with 0.100%MOS (P<0.01), improvement of ADG of grower to stater of pigs fed with diets with other contents of XOS did not show significant difference from CT. Improvement of ADG of finisher to growerof pigs fed with diets with XOS or MOS significantly higher than that of those in CT (p<0.01). That of those fed with diets with MOS was higher than that of those fed with diets with 0.010%or 0.020%of XOS (p<0.01), while lower than that of those fed with diets with 0.025%or 0.030%of XOS (p<0.01). Diarrhoea ratio of pigs in all the treatment groups in the four parts of experiment was significantly lower than that of the those in CT (p<0.05). No negative effects were found on the growth and health of pigs fed with diets with MOS or XOS in replace of antibiotics. For piglets around weaning, it was enough for 0.005%or 0.010%of XOS in substitute of antibiotics to improve growth performance of suckling piglets. It would be better if the content of XOS were in 0.015% or 0.020%for piglets surround weaning as well as weanling piglets. The level of 0.015% was an ideal to starter while 0.025-0.030%ideal to grower and finisher. The result also suggested that selplex as an ideal source of Se for piglets when combined with MOS in pig production showed a good economic efficiency.2 Effects of Dietary Allicin on Behaviour, Health, and Growth Performance of Weanling Piglets and Reduction in Attractiveness of Faeces to FliesTo investigate the effect of dietary allicin on behaviour, health and growth performance of weanling piglets and on the attractiveness of faeces to flies, at 21 days of age,225 piglets were weaned and randomly allocated into 5 groups. Piglets in the control group were fed with diets supplemented with antibiotics. Those in the treatment groups were fed with diets without antibiotics, but supplemented with allicin product (25%pure allicin oil) in the proportion of 0.l0g/kg,0.15g/kg,0.20g/kg, and 0.25g/kg in the diet, respectively. During the 28 days experiment, average daily weight gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) increased quadratically (p<0.01) as the level of dietary allicin increased. The feed gain ratio decreased quadratically (p<0.01). The behaviour of piglets on an allicin supplemented diet differed from that of the control. The piglets with allicin supplement spent longer time in sleep (p<0.05), with nearly half of the observation period occupied by sleep. The piglets on an allicin diet spent less time in an alert state (p<0.05), less time fighting (p<0.01), less time for other activities including scratching (p<0.05) as compared to the control piglets. As the dietary allicin level increased, the incidence of diarrhoea in the treatment piglets especially female ones decreased linearly (p<0.01). The number of flies alighting on the surface of the faeces of the piglets at each time point decreased quadratically (p<0.01) as the dietary allicin level increased. More flies were attracted as the faeces were exposed to the environment for longer periods of time. In conclusion, supplementation of the diet with allicin was beneficial to the behaviour of weanling piglets, and may improve growth performance, reduce the incidence of diarrhoea and possibly improve local environmental conditions by reducing the attractiveness of faeces to flies.3 Effects of Yeast Extract Rich in Peptide on Performance, Meat Quality and Immune System Modulation of Piglets around WeaningTo investigate the effects of yeast extract rich in peptide on performance of piglets around weaning,30 litters crossbred piglets of Landrace-Large Yorkshire were selected and divided into three treatments at random (ten litters in each treatment), one litter as a replicate. All the piglets were raised in a same environment. Supplemental diet was fed since 7 days of age until 8 days after weaning. Dietary protein source of piglets in the control group (CT) was 5%spray dried plasma protein (SDPP). That in treatment 1 (T1) was 2.5%SDPP plus 2.5%yeast extract, and which in treatment 2 (T2) was 5%yeast extract. No difference was observed in weight gain, feed intake, feed gain ratio and diarrhoea ratio of the piglets between treatments. Feed cost per kg weight gain of weaned piglets in T1 was 0.15Y more than that of those in CT, while those in T2 was 1.08Y less than that of those in CT. Meat quality items did not show significant difference between treatments. In order to check its effect on immunity system modulation of piglets surround weaning, Ante-chamber vein blood (5ml) was sampled from randomly selected 6 male and 6 female piglets approaching average weight on 7th day from the animals arranged in experiment 5. So were 30 piglets from 15 litters in three treatments (2 piglets from each litter and 5 litters from every treatment) on 32nd day. Blood was heparinized and kept in body temperature for immune test in 2 hours. Result showed that the NK cytotoxicity (NKC) determined by 7-AAD pigmentation through flow cytometry of 32-day-old piglets was significantly lower than that of 7-day-old piglets (p<0.01). Phagocytosis ability of PMN had the similar trend to the NKC. The result of NKC for 32-day-old piglets showed that the mortality of target cells of the piglets in both of T2 and T1 were higher than that of those in the control group (CT), respectively (p<0.01). The phagocytosis ability of PMN of the 32-day-old piglets from T2 was stronger than that of piglets from CT (p<0.05, especially male piglets, p<0.01). Thymus item of piglets from T1 was smaller than that of those from CT (p<0.01). Spleen index of piglets from T1 was higher than that of those from CT (p<0.05; especially female piglets, p<0.01), while that of those from T2 showed a tendency to be higher than the CT (p<0.10). The area of the payer’s patches of piglets from T2 with 5%Yeast extract was significantly larger than that of those ifrom CT with 5% SDPP or T1 with 2.5%SDPP+2.5%Yeast extract (P<0.01). Other organ items did not show significant difference among treatments (>0.05). The duodenum villus height of the piglets from T1 and CT was higher than jejunum and ileum villus. The villus height from different part of small intestine of piglets from T2 did not show significant difference (> 0.05). So yeast extract is an ideal alternative to the plasma protein as a nature protein resource.