| Yellow-spined bamboo locust Ceracris kiangsu(Orthoptera: Oedipodidae) is an important bamboo pest in southern China, and it is the first published record of puddling in an insect with chewing mouthparts, there are many different with common Mud-puddling behavior insects(butterfly and moth). To better understand the driving mechanisms and the mechanisms of Puddling substrates sought for mud-puddling behaviour of bamboo locust, this paper examined the Sex ratio change in mud-puddling behavior of Ceracris kiangsu adults at different development stages; we tested the behavioural responses of adults to the dry and wet filter paper on success of aggregated resources located in C. kiangsu adults were attracted by filter paper; this paper examined the Moisture content of Ceracris kiangsu adults in different time of day, And analyzed the relation between Moisture content and temperature & moisture; we tested the content and distribution of sodium at different development stages of yellow-spined bamboo locust Ceracris kiangsu Tsai(Oedipodidae: Orthoptera); we explored the role of olfaction and vision on the Puddling substrates sought. The main methods and conclusions were as follows:(1) The number of female and male were basically the same, the number of male was slightly lower than female adults. There was no significant difference(P > 0.05) from the sex ratio of yellow-spined bamboo locust Ceracris kiangsu Tsai(Oedipodidae: Orthoptera) in different development stages. The sex ratio of puddling Changed greatly in different development stages, the sex ratio was most in the period of Emergence, it was reach 0.97, This means that both female and male all occur this behavior in the period. As a result, the urine-puddling behavior mainly occurred in female C.kiangsu adults at the period of after mating and spawning.(2) Compared with dry filter paper, the adults preferred significantly to the wet filter paper, and the adults spent much more time(378±15.19s) on the aggregated resource than dry filter paper(215±24.44s) before mating. And the bait treated with deionized water was settled notably more time by C. kiangsu adults than the bait treated. The visit bounts of C. kiangsu adults to the baits treated with deionized water were(153±2.52), which much more than treat baits(89±8.65). And the visit bounts and settled notably to the two baits were not significantly at the period of mating and after mating. And the visit of C. kiangsu adults to the aggregated resources were only occurred in female.Whether female or male, The change rules of Moisture content are consistent, And produce wave motion during the period of the highest temperatures and the lowest moisture. The baits treated with the human urine fermented for 30 days and mixed with 18% bisultap killed C.kiangsu adults 140±20.64 at the period of 12:30-14:00, The time of first visit on baits was shortest(410.8±52.6)s in that period, which was shortest than the other time. The results of the bait-trapping and feeding record indicated that the urine-puddling behavior mainly occurred in female C.kiangsu adults.(3)The results show that there exist differences on content of sodium among emergence and the early mate stage of adult. In particular, the early mate stage(90.80±6.35) of male have a significantly higher level content of sodium than emergence stage(57.37±3.56). The distribution of sodium results show that head and chest of adult are not significant difference between early mate stage and after spawning stage, except abdomen. The distribution of sodium of male(157.33±15.03) and female(154.67±7.22) at the early mate stage are significant higher than after spawning stage, the results exist significant differences.(4) C. kiangsu adults were attracted by incubated human urine and ammonium bicarbonate, Compared with other baits, the adults preferred significantly to the human urine incubated, and the adults after mating spent much more time(310±21.50s) on the aggregated resource than that(60±13.80s) before mating. And the bait treated with incubated human urine was settled notably more time by C. kiangsu adults than other bait treated with volatile compounds. The time of adults settled on different baits treated with different chemicals was arranged like human urine incubated > ammonium hydrogencarbonate > ammonium hydrogencarbonate solution>controlled trial(deionized water). The visit bounts of C. kiangsu adults to the baits treated with incubated human urine were 424±88.13, which much more than other baits. And the visit bounts to deionized water was the least(P<0.05). The visit of C. kiangsu adults to the aggregated resources were significantly drop after mating. Our results have provided important basic information of the mechanism of urine-puddling of C. kiangsu and are helpful for effective deployments of attractants derived from human urine.The adults preferred to stay on yellow filter papers rather than other ones, compared with other color baits, the adults preferred significantly to the yellow, and the adults befor mating spent much more time(469.50±51.50s) on it. There were no differences in settled notably time between the different filter papers. After mating, there are no different in every baits. Whether before mating or after, the bait of different color filter papers mixed 18% bisultap could attract and kill C.kiangsu adults 108.33±3.84 and 36.67±2.85 per day, which were much more than the other color baits in the field. Although the adults preferred to stay on the yellow fifter paper bait, we could not rule out a possibility that the adults were stimulated by sodium. Whether the visual impact positioned mud-puddling of Ceracris can not conclusion.We studied the C. kiangsu adults attraction of to dead decoys at artificial puddles moistened with NaCl solution. The adults were attracted to every decoys, whereas there was no different in every baits. Test results indicate that Ceracris search mud-muddling source did not rely on visual, there was no significant Social facilitation in search mud-muddling source of C. kiangsu. |
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