| Purpose:All the medical cases about’treating diseases by regulating kidney function’in the two famous work Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians and Continued Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians was screened(or searched) out and taken to classification systemic research in all the aspects, like disease name, syndrome, body constitution, etiopathogenisis, pathogenesis, symptom, therapeutic principal, treatment, prescription, herbs, acupuncture therapy, nursing, etc al, by using the technique in literal metrology, systematics, statics, annotation and data mining. In this way, to approach the ancient physicians’comprehension and opinion to’kidney’and what role it plays in either physiology or pathology, which will further reveal and support the concept of’kidney stores essence’.Material and method:For Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians, we picked the publication, printed in1982by People Sanitation Publisher, and also compared with the corrected Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians, edited by Pan Guijuan and Hou Yafen, printed by National Chinese Medicine Publisher in1996. Furthermore, we typed in all the records and build up the data bank. For Continued Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians, we picked China Medical Classic, produced by Hunan Electric Audiovisual Publisher, as the origin information source. It has been proofread and set up databases based on the photocopy version of Continued Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians which was released by peoples health press in1957.1. How to exactly search out the records concerning’treating disease by regulating kidney function’in the two work?1.1Conditions for’to be involved’A. Closely related to’kidney’in at least one item of following:disease name, syndrome name, body quality, pathogen, mechanism, symptom, therapeutic principle, treatment, prescription, acupuncture and nursing.B. Even not a complete medical case, but the content is closely related to’kidney’no matter a conclusion or discussion proposed by physicians. 1.2Conditions of’to be picked out’A. The content is not related to kidney or’treating diseases by regulating kidney function’, though mentioned of word of’kidney’.B. Cases which changes a lot in different stages of disease development, that makes it too long and complicated to figure out its exact meaning or little related to’treating diseases by regulating kidney function’.We used the key words,’kidney’,’MINGMEN’,’MINGHUO’,’SHAOYIN’and ’storing essence’, to thoroughly search the data bank of the two works. In Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians,195cases were involved automatically, but14cases were picked out after artificial checking. The consequence of Continued Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians is255out of595cases. Finally, there were521cases were involved in total, including discussion and conclusion.2. Typing in the records and building up the data bankWe typed in all the information of the521involved cases into an excel document to build up a data bank, and variates were listed as follow disease name, syndrome, body constitution, etiopathogenisis, pathogenesis, symptom, therapeutic principal, treatment, prescription, herbs, acupuncture therapy, nursing.3. Data miningData mining was based on the above data bank and was executed by Knowledge Engineering Research Center of Shenyang Aerospace University.4. Control of data standardAll the terms used in our research were according to China government standard term in clinic diagnosis and treatment of TCM, Dictionary of TCMprescription, Synonym dictionary of Chinese herb, Dictionary of TCM syndrome name, Internal medicine of TCM, Surgery of TCM, Gynecology of TCM, pediatrics of TCM, etc. al.5. Presenting results and conclusionAfter overall and systemically organizing and collecting the items in the2works, we further took data mining technique to extract more information hidden in the context and concluded more by analysis in confidence level. Results:1. disease nameAfter thoroughly searching Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians and Continued Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians, we got163diseases name referring’treating diseases by regulating kidney function’, referred in359internal medicine cases,80surgical cases,16gynecological cases,20pediatrics cases, and46cases in nose-ear-throat diseases. The disease names appears in the tow works over10times(including10)are listed as following, pyocutaneous disease(32), diarrhea(24), fatigue(23), coughing(17), spermatorrhoea(16), dropsy(15), fever cause by internal damage(15), low back pain(14), difficulty in micturition (14), diabetes (13), hemorrhagic disease(13)、pediatrics(13), throat disease (13), stomatology disease (12), dyspnea(11), dyspnea(11), uroschesis(10), arthromyodynia(10), stroke(10) and paralysis(10).2. Syndrome name23kinds of syndrome and46cases of treatment were searched out in the tow works and listed as following, kidney qi deficiency(9cases, abbreviated as9,the above are same), kidney yin deficiency (4),kidney yang deficiency (3),heat syndrome (3), spleen qi deficiency(3), yin deficiency due to exuberant yang (3),deficiency of both spleen and kidney(2),spleen-yang and kidney-yang deficiency(2),yang deficiency due to exuberant yin(2),stomach-qi deficiency(2), disorders of shao-yin meridian(1),overlap of diseases of shao-yang and yang-ming meridians(1),qi collapse(1),accumulation of spleen qi(1),shortage and deficiency of kidney essence(1),liver-yin deficiency(l),liver-fire invading stomach(1),deficiency of heart-qi and kidney-qi(1),deficiency of both qi and blood(1), fire syndrome(1),dampness syndrome(1), deficiency cold syndrome of foot jue-yin(1),deficiency cold syndrome of foot shao-yin.3. body constitutionWe found body constitution mentioned in33cases referring’treating disease by regulating kidney function’, occupying6.33%in all. If classified by yin-yang,5cases described the kind of excessive yang and yin deficiency. If classified by five color, results showed whitish complexion(2), blackish complexion(1). If classified by body carriage, results showed as corpulency(13), emaciation(3). Counted by organ classification,2cases referring to type of kidney deficiency and7cases referring the type of qi deficiency, classified in qi-blood and body fluid.4. etiopathogenisisThe etiopathogenisis, recorded in the521cases involved, among which156cases recorded clearly identified, were listed as following, excessive sexual intercourses(43),emotional damage(30),eating and drinking without temperance(27),physical strain(25), six exogenous factors(18), unfit treatment(11)and degeneration(2).among the emotional damage cases, there were14cases related to eager,6cases related to panic,5cases sadness and5cases anxiety. Result of six exogenous factors is2for wind,9for coldness,5for wind-coldness, and2for pathogenic summer-heat.5. Pathogenesis13kinds of pathogenesis were collected from334cases in the tow works, and which listed as following, deficiency of kidney yin(88), deficiency of kidney qi(55), disharmony between liver and kidney(38), disharmony between spleen and kidney(36), deficiency of kidney yang(30), disharmony between heart and kidney(19), structures or sencing organ relating to kidney(17), kidney meridian(13), disharmony between kidney and lung(11), disharmony between kidney and stomach(8), damage of kidney essence(8), exogenous-factor-caused sthenia syndrome in kidney(6) and dis harmony between kidney and bladder(5).6. symptomLooking up all the involved cases of the2works, over1500kinds of symptoms were calculated out, spreading in all kinds of disease. Calculated separately, that was600kinds of symptoms in Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians and1100in Continued Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians. Ranked by the frequency, the top20were poor appetite(75), thirsty(54), excessive phlegm(48), difficult urination(42), fever (42), coughing(40), emissions(38), diarrhea (36), emaciation(33), constipation(32), abdominal distension(27), lassitude(27), spontaneous perspiration(25), low back pain(24), odynuria(23), dizziness(22), chest distress(20), oliguresis(19), dry mouth(18) and leg debility(17).7. therapeutical principle15items of therapeutic principle were collected in126cases. The content and its frequency were listed as following, support healthy energy(52), asthenia requiring tonification(37), treating chronic disease aiming at the principal aspect(15), simultaneous treatment of principal and subordinate symptoms(11), individual concerned therapy(9), strengthening healthy qi to eliminate pathogens(6), tonifiction preceding purgation(6), regulating yin and yang(5), treating secondary symptoms for emergency(3), tonification involving purgation(2), simultaneous application of purging-tonifying therapy(2), eliminating pathogen to support vital qi(2), purgation preceding tonification(1), climate concerned therapy(1) and cold prescription for pseudofrigid pyrexia(l).8. treatment52kinds of treatments were quoted103times in total in Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians, and the result in Comtinued Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians was17kinds, quoted26times. Ranking in the quoting frequency, the top10was moisturizing kidney yin(21), tonifying kidney qi(7), promoting spleen qi(6), warming and benefiting spleen and stomach(6), benefiting spleen and lung(5), raising blood and clarifying liver(5), moisturizing heart and kidney(4), promoting blood to raise liver(4), tonifying liver and kidney(4) and cooling heat and purifying toxin(4).9. prescription92prescriptions were quoted310times in Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians, and the prescriptions quoted over5times were listed as following, sexa-Rehmaniae Bolus(57), Kidney-qi Pill (48), Decoction for Strengthening the middle warmer (43), Pill for nourishing kidney (11), Decoction of Four Drugs (11), All Nourishing Decoction (10), Decoction of sexa-gentleman (8), Decoction of Eight Ingredients (5), Double Chen Decoction(5), Bupleurum tenue Buch Decoction (5).127prescription were quoted426times in Comtinued Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians, and the prescriptions quoted over5times were listed as sexa-Rehmaniae Bolus (87), Kidney-qi Pill (79), Decoction for Strengthening the middle warmer (53), Decoction of sexa-gentleman (11), All Nourishing Decoction (8), Decoction of Eight Ingredients (7), aconite root-plus decoction for regulating middle Jiao(7), Decoction of Four Drugs (6), Pill for nourishing kidney (6), Rehmanniae Potion (5). Calculated together,189prescriptions were quoted736times, and top10was sexa-Rehmaniae Bolus (144), Kidney-qi Pill (127), Decoction for Strengthening the middle warmer (96), Decoction of sexa-gentleman (19), All Nourishing Decoction (18), Pill for nourishing kidney (17), Decoction of Four Drugs (17), Decoction of Eight Ingredients (12), Pill of Four Miraculous Drugs (8), aconite root-plus decoction for regulating middle Jiao (8).10. HerbsThe calculation of herbs was according to the exact origin records in the books. As to the records like prescription plus herbs, only herbs plus were counted in, because some prescription was too old to check out the exact components. In Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians,136kinds of herbs were found quoted489times, and the top10were Cortex Phellodendri(27), Fructus Schisandrae(26), Radix Glycytthizae(25), Raidix Ophiopogonis(25), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae(17), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae(15), Poria(15), Rhizoma Coptidis(13), Radix Ginseng(12), Radix Angelicae Sinensis(12) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae(12). In Comtinued Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians,164kinds of herbs were found quoted742times, and the top10herbs, ranked by frequency, were listed as Fructus Schisandrae(54), Radix Ginseng(35), Raidix Ophiopogonis(33), Poria(21), Cortex Cinnamomi(20), Radix Glycytthizae(19), Fructus Lycii(19), prepared rhizome of rehmannia(18),Rhizoma Dioscoreae(17),Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata(17)and Radix Acanthopanacis Bidentatae(17).Calculated together,206kinds of herbs were used1231time in total, and the top20kinds of herbs occupying49.39%in using frequency. The herbs’names and the frequency were listed a s following, Fructus Schisandrae(80), Raidix Ophiopogonis(58), Radix Ginseng(47), Radix Glycytthizae(44), Cortex Phellodendri(39), Poria(36), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae(28), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata(26), Rhizoma Anemarrhenae(26), Radix Acanthopanacis Bidentatae(24), Cortex Cinnamomi(24), Radix Angelicae Sinensis(23),Fructus Lycii(23), Rhizoma Dioscoreae(22), prepared rhizome of rehmannia(21), Rhizoma Coptidis(19), rehmannia dride rhizome(19), Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae(17), Fructus Gardeniae(17) and Raidix Paeoniae Alba(15). After clustering statistics, we found over3quarters of the herbs belong to tonifying, heat-clearing, concentrating or diuretics for eliminating dampness drugs.11. Acupuncture pointsAll of acupuncture, moxibustion, point stich-on, bleeding and Guasha can be found in the2books though limited.23points was quoted46times, and over2times quoted points were listed as Shenshu(8), Guanyuan(6), Zhaohai(4), Zusanli(3),Fenglong(3), Zhongwan(3), Yanglingquan(2) and Taixi(2).12. NursingAccording to the2works, nursing mainly related to diet, mind, daily life, sexual intercourses, drug, and massage, which scattered in83items.13.Analysis by confidence level13.1High-frequency used herbThe top3herbs were Fructus Schisandrae, Raidix Ophiopogonis and Radix Ginseng. Analyzed by confidence level, we got data as following. As to Fructus Schisandrae, the top3compatibility herbs were Raidix Ophiopogonis(52.5%), Radix Ginseng(20.0%) and Radix Acanthopanacis Bidentatae(18.7%). As to Raidix Ophiopogonis, the top3compatibility herbs were Fructus Schisandrae (68.9%), Cortex Phellodendri(31.0%) and Radix Ginseng(27.5%). As to Radix Ginseng, the top3compatibility herbs were Radix Glycytthizae(40.4%), Raidix Ophiopogonis(36.1%) and Fructus Schisandrae(34.0%).13.2High-frequency used prescriptionRanked by using frequency, the top3prescriptions were sexa-Rehmaniae Bolus, Kidney-qi Pill and Decoction for strengthening the middle warmer. Analyzed by confidence level we can see which herbs show a higher confidence level in each prescription. For example, for sexa-Rehmaniae Bolus, top3herbs were Fructus Schisandrae(100%), Raidix Ophiopogonis(66.6%) and Cortex Phellodendri(46.6%). For Kidney-qi Pill, that will be Raidix Ophiopogonis(100%), Fructus Schisandrae(95.8%) and Radix Ginseng(41.6%). For Decoction for Strengthening the middle warmer, that will be Fructus Schisandrae(100%), Raidix Ophiopogonis(69.2%)and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae(34.6%).Conclusion:1. treating diseases by regulating kidney function is the most important methods in ancient time. Physicians applied this theory as clinical guide to diagnose and treat a large variety of diseases. It has significant clinical value.2. The medical cases about regulating kidney to treat disease indicate that the most common pathogenic factor is internal damage.There are certain differences in the understanding of etiology between ancient and modern.3. Summarized from the tow works, the pathogenesis of the involved cases were most demonstrated focusing on kidney-related visceral theory, and basing on Neijing. Thus the kidney-related visceral theory was enriched by the ancient physicians.4. the high frequency shown symptoms in the involved cases were closely related to kidney function. And there wasn’t significant difference between the two works. A notable thing we found was pulse-based diagnosis was applied more than glossoscopy, which indicates that pulse is more convincing and reliable than tongue in diagnosing the kidney-related disaeases. Abnormality of urination is determined from the first element of treating diseases by regulating kidney function.5. The presentation about therapeutic principle was not found in the two works, which indicates that therapeutic principle was metaphysical and created in late time. The cases about’treating diseases by regulating kidney function’, more detailed recorded in Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians, indicated nourishing kidney yin was widely applied in treatment, though not recorded much in disease kind.6. The prescription implied that the ancient physician aware of tonifying spleen when invigorating kidney to cure. Abundant herbs and various methods of processing drugs were recorded in the two books. The more frequent application of Fructus Schisandrae, Raidix Ophiopogonis and Radix Ginseng indicates the thoughts of tonifying kidney.7. There were not much records about acupuncture in the2books. However, according to the limited records, we found points on kidney meradian, stomach meridian and conception vessel and Selection of acupuncture points is fewer but better, curative effect.8. There is not much detailed, profundity or extended records about nursing in the2works. All the content about nursing was common and unspecific.9. Tonifying kidney more than spleen was more presented or indicated in Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians, while tonifying kidney and liver together shown more in Comtinued Classified Case Records of Celebrated Physicians. |
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