Research On Poetry And Articles Of KONG Clan Of Qufu In Qing Dynasty

Qufu is an important birthplace of Chinese traditional culture. Its culture has a long history and deep roots. Since ancestor Confucius, the KONG clan of Qufu had lived here for more than two thousand years. In Qing Dynasty, there had been so many officials and writers in the KONG clan of Qufu. With the springing up of poets and playwrights, there had been writers more than one hundred and seventy, also collections of more than one hundred and eighty. The KONG clan formed a vast literary family group and became the leader of literature in Qufu area. It was very prominent in the amount of writers and work in the literary history in KONG clan.On the basis of predecessors’ research achievements, this article embarks from the primary literature materials and studies on the overall of KONG clan in Qing Dynasty. Through analysis of literary creation of KONG clan, this article discourses the achievements in various fields such as poem, Ci, essay and so on. On one hand, for the overall research, this article analyzes the cause of literary prosperity of KONG clan. Through the research on the writers and works of the clan, this article fully displays the development venation of KONG clan in Qing Dynasty and analyzes the cause of literary prosperity of KONG clan. This article also grasps the macro of living environment, cultural tradition, the overall literary achievements and its status and influence in literary history. On the other hand, through the case analysis, this article studies on individual writers who have achievement prominent, summarizes their creation characteristic and analyses their link to the literary world at that time. The literature method and comprehensive analysis are applied in this article. The literature includes local chronicles, genealogy, the family collection of works, as well as the poetry, essay, Ci of the writers in the clan. Other material such as poetry anthology, diary, literati notes of preface-writer are consulted too.This article is divided into six chapters.Chapter one, cultural environment of KONG clan of Qufu in Qing Dynasty. The formation, continuation and development of KONG clan had many reasons, including unique natural environment, political and economic environment, humanities environment. The first section introduces unique natural environment of Qufu, including long history, beautiful natural scenery and rich human landscape. The second section introduces prominent political status and solid economic foundation of KONG clan. The third section analyses the influence of education on literature development of KONG clan, including academy education and family education. The fourth section introduces the strong family culture atmosphere in KONG clan from the rich collection, diligent study, meticulous carving, good at painting and calligraphy and so on. The fifth section introduces elegant successive literature tradition, family and the local literature work of carving and colorful literary activities. By analyzing the cultural environment of KONG clan, this chapter explores the reason of flourish in the literary creation of KONG clan.Chapter two, inspection of life experience and work of writers in KONG Clan of Qufu in Qing Dynasty. On the basis of Poetry of KONG clan in Queli, combined with government record, genealogy and other information, this chapter lists male writers of KONG clan. This chapter briefly introduces the life experience, writings and literary creation, gives proper evaluation on their poetry creation in order to outline of the whole process of the KONG clan of Qufu in Qing Dynasty. The first section introduces writers from the early days of Qing Dynasty to the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor. The second section introduces writers from the reign of the Qianlong Emperor to the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor. The third section introduces writers from the reign of the Daoguang Emperor to the end of Qing Dynasty.Chapter three, the KONG clan’s touch with the literary world. A number of writers in KONG clan had a wide circle of friends. Through the touch with the celebrities in the literary world, the writers of the KONG clan improved the level of literary creation and thoughts. They gradually formed independent personality and real mature artistic style. It had a great effect on their thoughts and writing, and promoted the family literature greatly. On the other hand, through poetry responsory and correspondence, the writers of KONG clan expanded the influence of the whole clan in literary circles in Shandong as well as in China. The KONG clan was blossomed and became a famous clan. This chapter chooses for representative writers, Kong Chuanduo, Kong Chuanzhi, Kong Jihan, Kong Xianyi. By inspection of persons who had sincere friendship with the five writers, we observed the KONG clan’s touch with the literary world.Chapter four, poetic creation of KONG clan of Qufu in Qing Dynasty. Compared with other literature styles of creation, poetry creation had largest number of writers and works. Most writer of KONG clan once wrote poetry. Between father and son one after another, the poetry had rich flavor of family. The first section summarizes the overall characteristics of poetry through the analysis over poetry of creation of KONG clan:express the deep feelings between friends and family of filial piety, express their loyal to the emperor and loving to the people, learn from the poetry of Jin Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, pure and fresh style. The second section analyses the poetry creation of Kong Shangren from three aspects:theory of poetry, content of poetry, art characteristics of poetry. The contents of his poetry were concerning about the livelihood of the people suffering, missing homeland and relatives, describing scenes. The characteristics of his poetry were inside collect gentle emotion and elegant and implicit style. The third section introduces the poetry creation of Kong Chuanduo and Kong Jihan. The poetry creation of Kong Chuanduo recorded his life experience, social intercourse and daily chores. The style of his poetry was real and vivid, and was substantial in content. Kong Jihan paid more attention to the knowledge of poetry and changed his poem style for three times in his life. In his later life, he studied the poetry of Song Dynasty and formed a simple style. By implanting knowledge into the poetry, he made his poetry present the learned and polite temperament of himself.Chapter five, articles and Ci of KONG clan of Qufu in Qing Dynasty. In addition to the great amount of excellent poems, the writers also gained certain achievements in the field of articles and Ci. The first section is about articles of KONG clan. The writers created many different forms of articles, in which Kong Guangsen, Kong Shangren and Kong Jihan etc. gained great achievements. Kong Guangsen drew on Northern and Southern Dynasties, which made his rhythmical prose pure and magnificent. Kong Shangren’s essays characterize in proper arrangement and concision. His descriptions of scenery are natural and pure, and his descriptions of human are vivid and lively. These pure and plain languages made highly artistic value. The themes of Kong Jihan’s essays are more often about ancient codes and records, preface and postscript, and record events. He adopted the ancient values as the themes in his argumentative writings, which are detailed, forceful and gained highly achievements. The second section is about creation of Ci of KONG clan. They made great explorations in both the theories and the practice of Ci. Kong Chuanduo not only created a great amount of Ci, but also wrote Rhythm of Ci and Epigraph of Hongexuan, selected and compiled Ci of homology and Anthology of celebrities of Ci, which made certain achievements in the creation and theories of Ci.Chapter six, female writers of KONG clan in Qufu. The female writers got great progress in literature. A group of female writers were famous for their poetry and Ci. Representative of female writers were Kong Lizhen, Kong Luhua, Kong Shucheng, Kong Xiangshu, Yan Xiaolai, Ye Canying, Ye Junjie, Zhu Yu and so on. The writer group appeared in KONG clan, had high literary education and a lot of work, not less than male writers in their time. Female writers helped each other in life and presented to each other in writing. They had liberal point of view and became a bright scenery in female literature. The first section introduces the life experience and work of the twenty nine female writers in KONG clan in order to give the appropriate evaluation to their literature. The second section analyses the reasons of the thriving female literature of KONG clan, including social and cultural environment, family culture atmosphere, marriage between well-known families, support of male writers in the clan, comprehensively literary touch with each other. The third section summarizes general characteristics of poetry of female writers:some breakthrough except traditional themes, a wide variety of styles except boudoir repining, the aim of teaching people through poetry. Their work revealed the heart journey of seeking and self-discovery, and also presented the unique life experience.