| Yinyun Chanwei (abbreviated to Chanwei), compiled by Li Guangdi and Wang Lansheng from the54lh year of Kangxi period (1715) to the4th year of Yongzheng period (1726), is an official rhyme book which is the significant material for the research on pre-modern mandarin Chinese and optimization of Fanqie of early Qing Dynasty,As an authoritative official rhyme book of Qing Dynasty, Chanwei is worthy of a further study because it is of great importance in Chinese phonology history, esp. the prominent influence on phonology of modern Chinese and its phonetic notation. The major characteristic of Chanwei is its integrating contemporary phonology of mandarin Chinese into the framework of traditional rhyme book, with the form of inheriting the fundamental structure of phonology in middle ancient times but in fact implying the phonology of Qing Dynasty. It reflects the achievements in improving Fanqie by means of five new sorts of Fanqie:"Hesheng","Congjiuqie","Jinyong","Jieyong" and Xieyong" which optimizes Fanqie, making it approximately close to the fullest extent the "directly spelling by phonemes" and lay the foundation of new way in phonetic notation of Chinese. In the three hundred years after Chanwei was compiled, scholars have been studing it in many ways such as background of its compilation, improvement of Fanqie, and phonology system. However, these researches are mostly about one factor but not an all-around systematic study by suming up the studies mentioned above, which is valued in this article.Based on Chizaotang Sikuhuiyao, the thesis constructs a database of Chanwei, having an overall study of its text and Yinqie. It demarcates all materials of Chanwei’s five sorts of Fanqie and makes a confined and exhaustive study on phonetic materials of its confined text to build a data base of Yinqie in various relevant rhyme books and dictionaries compiled during the period of Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty to the late Dynasty till modern times. With the construction of database, it makes a qualitative study by a quantitative analysis on classified statistics in different angles from arranged tables and gains evidence by comparison to make a related theoretical studyIt makes a deep and comprehensive study of Chanwei from two angles:firstly, it is a systematic study of Chanwei itself. The study is focused on Chanwei’s Yunpu and materials of the text, to sort out the inquiries and discussions made before the compilation of Chanwei by relevant participants, analyze the true meaning of five new Fanqie and their actual applications in the book and generalize the phonology in that time. Therefore, the style of phonetic notation and the property of phonology of Chanwei as a rhyme book are overviewed. Secondly, it attempts to do a ertical and diachronic study by combining Chanwei with Chinese phonology history. With the basic point that the five newly-created Fanqie of Chanwei reflect Fanqie’s improving theory, the thesis selects and disentangles the related representative rhyme books compiled during the period of Tang Dy nasty and Song Dynasty to Ming Dynasty to Qing Dynasty(about900years) to date back the historical origin of Fanqie’s improvement. Then, it investigates the influence of Fanjie on the later generations by the research of some rhyme books of the late Qing Dynasty, the transcription scheme of the old mandarin pronunciation in the early Republic of China and the Scheme for Chinese Phonetic Alphabet devised after the foundation of the People’s Republic of China. Compared with Fanqie contained in rhyme books in different times and ideas of Chinese Phonetic Alphabets, the importance of Chanwei in the history of Fanqie’s improvement is clearified as well as its characteristics and functions.This thesis is composed of six parts.Part Ⅰ:Introduction. Chanwei’s style, version and so on as well as its contemporary research are introduced and the specific writing problems are illustrated. As an official rhyme book, picking out the best version from different ones that don’t have obvious distinctions is a critical premise for a further research, so having an intimate knowledge of Chanwei’s style as a rhyme book is a basic requirement. While an extensively collection of the previous research findings of Chanwei and the comparison and generalization of the advantages and shortages is a necessary step of a comprehensive study.Part Ⅱ:A detailed description of ChanweVs compiler, background and compilation purpose.This part attempts to figure out Chanwei’s relation with Xiesheng Yunxue,Zidian,Peiwen Yunfu,Cipu which coexist with Chanwei and then make a detailed introduction to the correspondence between Yunpu attached to Chanwei and its main text. The compilation of Chanwei is actually relevant with Emperor Kangxi, Li Guangdi, and Wang Lansheng, so disentangling the relevant historical materials before the compilation of Chanwei is of great benefit to comprehend the compiling idea of it. Meanwhile, it makes an investigation into the relation and distinction between Chanwei and several coexistent character or rhyme books, to ascertain the status of Chanwei in the cultural construction of the early Qing Dynasty. Compared with the content of Yunpu attached to Chanwei before its main body, the reference to the construction of Chanwei’s phonology is offered.Part Ⅲ:A discussion of concert forms of Chanwei’s five new Fanqie, namely, Hesheng, Congjiuqie, Jinyong, Jieyong, and Xieyong. Hesheng is regarded as the most optimized Fanqie, which takes fixed Yinshengyun characters as Fanqie Shangzi and zero initial syllable characters as Fanqie Xiazi. Emphasizing the harmony of different phonemes, Hesheng is as effective as spelling directly by phonemes. Other four Fanqie, Ceongjiuqie, Jinyong, Jieyong, and Xieyong, are alternative forms of Hesheng. Then the database of the five is constructed to investigate the phonological property of each Fanqie’s Shangzi and Xiazi, generalize the actual operating rules of each kind, and then it will do better in defining that five Fanqie, a further inquiry into the true meaning of the ideas of Fanqie’s improving is also formed.Part Ⅳ:An investigation into the system of onset, rime and syllabic tone in Chanwei to ascertain the property of its phonology. By constructing the database of all Chanwei’s Yinqie, the characteristics of five Fanqie is generalized. By using the descriptions of its explanatory notes and annotations and referring to the basic rules of Chinese historical phonology, the contemporary phonology system of that time impiled in the framework of traditional rhyme book to prove that there exist two kinds of phonology, modern and ancient in Chanwei with materials and facts.Part Ⅴ:A discussion of Chanwei’s status and particular effects in the history of Chinese transcription (from middle ancient times and modern times to contemporary age).The ideas of Chanwei’s improving of Fanqie is derived from the previous generation. As early as in Tang dynasty, someone has made relevant attempts to improve Fanqie. Improvinging Fanqie is also an inevitable requirement of the development of Chinese transcription. Only by putting it into the historical background of the Fanqie’s improving can the improving in Chanwei show how outstanding the contribution of it is as well as perceive more clearly the limits of Chinese character transcription, then we can make a conclusion that Fanqie is destined to be transformed into transcribing by alphabet.Part VI:A conclusion of the thesis. The research findings of this thesis are as follows:i. By investigating the text from various angles, the result is that Chanwei is an official rhyme book which reflects the phonology of mandarin Chinese of that time under the framework of traditional rhyme book. Emperor Kangxi, inheriting the idea of legitimacy in Han culture, sets the tenet that the framework of the rhyme book "should not abruptly depart from the traditional one". The phonology of that time and its application in the Civic Examination determine that the rhyme book must reflect the phonology of Reading-Sounds of mandarin Chinese of that time. The adoration of "directly spelling by phonemes" of Manchu language and Western language and the pursuit for the maximum optimization of "Hesheng" accelerate the rhyme book’s improving of Fanqie.ⅱ. To reflect the contemporary phonology, Chanwei first notes below the representative Xiaoyun characters to reserve ancient Chinese phonology, and then notes with five newly-created Fanqie. There are4,423such new kinds of Fanqie:the number of Hesheng is511, which is entirely optimized. The rule of Hesheng is choosing characters of six Yinshengyun as Fanqie Shangzi and characters of zero initial syllable as Fanqie Xiazi, trying to come into the harmony in onset, rime and syllabic tone between Shangzi and Xiazi, to approximate to the fullest extent of spelling directly by phonemes. Because of its rigid restrictions, the number of Hesheng is merely511, only occupying11.55percent of the newly-created Fanqie. The number of "Jincongjiuqie" is310, which are originated from Guangyun or Jiyun and mainly in accordance with the phonology of that time. Jincongjiuqie, the number of which is small, is as approximately optimized as Hesheng. The number of "Jinyong" is3,063, which is highly productive and can be created flexibly and applied most extensively for it is not as severely restricted as Hesheng. Therefore,"Jinyong" constitutes the main material for the construction of Chanwei’s phonology of that time. The number of "Xieyong" is459, which remedies the defects of "Jinyong".The number of "Xieyong" is80, which remedies the defects of "Jinyong" by a looser restriction. Such five newly-created Fanqie, which are used to reflect the phonology of that time, are the main Yinqie materials for study of the phonology of that time implied in the traditional framework of Chanwei, more optimized than the traditional Fanqie and are the achievements of improving of Fanqie.ⅲ.The tenet of Chanwei’s compilation is "not abruptly departing from the traditional one ". The compilers were obliged to put the phonology of that rime under the framework of traditional rhyme book of middle ancient times. In from, the rhyme book, based on the of Pingshuiyun (a rhyme book of middle ancient times) which has106Yun, has a phonological framework of112Yun,36onsets and four Chinese tones,"Ping, Shang, Qu, Ru". Meanwhile. Chanwei makes a classification of rime, Which is concretely manifested by five newly-created Fanqie, according to "Kai Qi He Cuo" namely, the difference of medial. Such classification as well as the information of phonetic changes contained in the explanatory notes and annotations, reflects the onset, rime, Chinese tone of the phonology of that time. After attentive analysis, Chanwei’s phonology of mandarin Chinese of that time is investigated and constructed:19onsets,61rimes, five Chinese tones, namely,"Ping, Shang, Qu, Ru". Except the Yun of [-m] coda and Rushengyun which aims at reserving the ancient articulations in the phonology of Reading-Sounds, the style of Chanwei reflects the phonology of oral language of that time.iv. Chanwei has a critical status in the history of the improving of Fanqie and Chinese transcription."Hesheng" in Chanwei, which has phonetic grounds and has clear rules of spelling via characters approximating to the fullest extent "directly spelling by phonemes", is the most optimized Fanqie.It has applicable achievements and greatly influenced rhyme books and dictionaries of the late Qing Dynasty and modern times. The study of this thesis reveals the creativeness of Chanwei’s absorbing the advantages of languages that use the method of "directly spelling by phonemes", and analyzes Chanwei’s inheritance and improvement of the improving of Fanqie from Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty, proving that Chanwei’s improving of Fanqie is not an incident but a sure event of historical development. Although Chanwei’s improving of Fanqie has reached the peak of optimizing level, srictly defined "Hesheng" is limited in the number and not productive enough, which adequately reveals the limitation of character transcription and proves that Chinese transcription is doomed to phonetic alphabet,"directly spell by phonemes". In this sense, it was Chanwei which reaches the peak of the improving of Fanqie accelerates its extinction and propels the appearance of modern transcription symbols and Chinese alphabet. Therefore, Chanwei has an irreplaceable status in the history of Chinese transcription.v. For the reason that Chanwei attempts to represent the phonology of that time under the framework of traditional rhyme book, it is natural that its Yinqie system will reflect or contain many features of the development of Chinese phonology. The concrete analysis of this thesis is often involved with the problems of historical sound changes, some of which are greatly beneficial to the study of Chinese historical phonology. The first finding is that Yunzi of close-mouth are changeable although Sihu were basically formed at the time of Chanwei. The second finding is that although characters of Rushengyun is mixed up with those of Yishengyun, Rusheng is still an independent Chinese tone in Chanwei, revealing that Rusheng didn’t completely extinct. The third finding is that although "Yimu" and "Weimu" have been mainly transformed into zero initial,"Rimu" is not an obvious zero initial, reveling that the process of transforming into zero initial was not thoroughly completed at the time of Chanwei. Therefore, the Yinqie materials of Chanwei are of great significance to the further study of Chinese historical phonology. However, the previous research lacks knowledge in this point. Some scholars thought that the Yinqie materials of Chanwei were not reliable because of its mixture of ancient and modern articulations. Some scholars thought the Yinqie of Chanwei couldn’t accurately reflect the phonology of time. Some scholars even thought without a deep consideration that Chanwei was merely a rhyme book of Pingshuiyun series. The study of this thesis indicates that those thoughts are impartial and the Yinqie materials of Chanwei, of which many parts still needs studying deeply, are of great value in the research of phonology and are supposed to be highly valued. |
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