Creative Efficiency Of Cultural And Creative Enterprises In China

Cultural and Creative Industry originated from Britain’s Creative Economy in the end of 20 th century. It has been internationally recognized as one of the "sunrise industry" of the 21 st century as it goes beyond the traditional cultural industry. In addition, it emphasizes on applying human’s talent and creativity to make comprehensive utilization of cultural, social, science and technology resources to produce creative products and high value-added culture creative products and services featured with intellectual property rights. On the one hand, Cultural and Creative Industry could promote economic development, create wealth and employment for the society and satisfy people’s growing spiritual and cultural needs. On the other hand, its advantage of small energy consumption and low pollution also make it beneficial to drive industry upgrading and to improve the quality of economic development. With the development of Knowledge Economy, Cultural and Creative Industry has been rapidly developing and growing in a global context. Since 2006, Chinese government has been actively taking measures to promote the development of Cultural and Creative Industry and has established it as national new strategic industries. Report to the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward that the cultural sector should become a pillar of the economy. After that, different cities in China began to issue regional policies successively to support the development of Cultural and Creative Industry. Hence the industry is in a full-blown situation with increasing number of cultural creative enterprise and relative employees year by year.However, the development of Cultural and Creative enterprises in China is still faced with the dilemma of lack of creativity. The Creative Economy is virtually a kind of economic form which regards creativity as the main driving force. In Cultural and Creative Industry, ideas and creativity are in the core status which distinguishes it from some traditional industries. Traditional industries usually regard creativity as an accessory. There are also some featured differences between creative activities in Cultural and Creative Industry and innovation activities in traditional industries and high technology industries. At present, lack of creativity is the main and first difficulty for the development of Cultural and Creative enterprises. In China, the Cultural and Creative Industry firstly developed late, with short-time development period, and immature policies, laws, market and other resources, it is a major challenge to make effective evaluation creative activities of Cultural and Creative enterprises and to improve the creative ability of enterprises to accelerate its development. This paper tries to find some breakthroughs in the aspect of efficiency.Nowadays, the theoretical and practical researches about Creative Economy mainly focus on the relationship among industrial policy, industrial agglomeration, creative class, financing channels and economic development. Or some researches are from the perspective of industrial value chain. Most of the views are in a macro or medium levels. To observe creative activities of Cultural and Creative enterprises in a micro level is not enough. Moreover, the study on the efficiency of creative activities is much less, and its depth and width cannot meet the practical need for the industry. There are quite a lot researches on creative efficiency domestic and overseas, but most of them focus on high technology industries and other regular manufacturing industries rather than Cultural and Creative Industry. Only a few articles related to the topic did not make some deep analysis and distinction between creative activities and regular innovation activities. In addition, they lack deep discussion on the factors of creativity and the link of creativity and development of enterprise. At the same time, existing studies has some problems like narrow-defined research object, unclear concept and single research perspective, etc.Creativity plays a core position in Cultural and Creative Industry’s survival and development. Facing the reality of lack of creativity in domestic cultural and the lack of theoretical and practical researches on existing literature of cultural creative enterprises, the essay would develop the research on the object of creative efficiency of Chinese cultural and creative enterprises. To be specific, the essay would follow the logic of What-How-Causes-Results to carry out the analysis. Namely, the following four questions would be analyzed and discussed in depth.(1) How to understand the creative efficiency in cultural and creative enterprise?(2) How is creative efficiency of cultural and creative enterprise in China?(3) What factor would influence creative efficiency of cultural and creative enterprise in China?(4) What kind of impact would creative efficiency make for cultural creative enterprises growth?According to the above research issues, the main study contents of this paper are as follows:(1)In order to have a better known of the creative activities and its efficiency of Cultural and Creative industry, the center topic is “How to understand the creative efficiency of Cultural and Creative enterprises”, based on the comprehension of the its definition, characteristic and creative ability, this paper discriminates the difference and relationship of Cultural and Creative industry with the other industries, also explains the double loop principle of creative process and the value-added business. Then, the connotation of creative efficiency was put forward in terms of the above analysis, further, the input-output characteristic of creative process was analyzed, which offer a gist of creative efficiency evaluation system in the following passage.(2)Build up the creative efficiency input-output indicator system, which is based on the data from 135 cultural creative listed companies among China’s A share market between year 2010 and 2013 with a dual perspective of static and dynamic evaluation on the creative efficiency. From a static point of view, using DEA-BCC model to evaluate, decompose and analyze the Cultural and Creative enterprises, and compare the creative efficiency by different regions as well as different sector. However, the static evaluation is a horizontal analysis, which is only efficient under the circumstance of the same time period and certain technical conditions, while it cannot discuss efficiency change of unites under different time period and different technical conditions, especially in China’s Cultural and Creative market with a rapid development and dramatic change. Therefore, this paper makes use of RD-Malmquist index model for the sample’s creative efficiency dynamically evaluation, to discuss the change under different time period and different technical conditions from vary perspectives and in a more comprehensive way.(3) Empirical study on the factors of creative efficiency of Cultural and Creative enterprises. The internal and external factors of the creative efficiency were analyzed from seven aspects: the general information of enterprises, the internal operational capacity, the ownership structure, the government financial support, the intellectual property protection, the cultural consumption market and the informational degree, then the corresponding assumption and variable indicators was put forward. Based on data from 386 cultural creative listed companies among China’s A share market in three years, and the dependent variable is from the efficiency static evaluation results in chapter four, this paper uses Tobit Regression model as empirical test, systematically and comprehensively verified the reason for creative efficiency in Cultural and Creative enterprises.(4) Empirical study on the influence from creative efficiency of Cultural and Creative enterprises and its growth. In term of Creative Economy Theory, Innovation Theory and Business Growth Core Competence Theory, hypothesis are proposed from three areas as follows: the impact of creative efficiency on the enterprise market growth, the impact of creativity efficiency under different development stages on the enterprises market growth, the impact of creative efficiency on the scale growth of enterprises. With each hypothesis, the further investigation is the impact of decomposition index of creative efficiency on enterprise growth, and come up with the corresponding sub-hypotheses. Making use of data from 135 cultural creative listed companies among China’s A share market between year 2010 and 2013, independent variable are the dynamic creative efficiency index and decomposition efficiency index value from chapter five, using Panel Data Regression Model to verify the influence from creative efficiency on the growth of enterprises market and the impact of creative efficiency on the scale growth of enterprises, while using Quantile Regression model to verify the impact of creativity efficiency under different stages on the enterprise market growth. Finally come to a wealth of relevant findings.In this paper, creative efficiency of Cultural and Creative enterprises would be the research target, which would absorb the core value creation ativities of creative economic subject in microscopic field to the theroctial and practical research of creative economy from the aspect of industry field. The main creativities are as the following aspects:(1) Clear discrimination of the connotation and essential characters as a basis of the setup of evaluation indicator system of creative efficiency, which is a breakthrough when compare with the previous related researches whose evaluation perspectives were relative single. This paper also use DEA-BCC method and Malmquist index model from both static and dynamic perspective to evaluate, decompose and comparative study on 135 cultural creative listed companies among China’s A share market between year 2010 and 2013, this reflects the creative efficiency in a relative comprehensive, systematic and real way. Thus, this paper provides a strong reference for the correct evaluation and the development of creative ability of Cultural and Creative enterprises, as well as formulates development policies.(2)This paper puts forward 13 creative efficiency influence indicators from seven aspects: the general information of enterprises, the internal operational capacity, the ownership structure, the government financial support, the intellectual property protection, the cultural consumption market and the informational degree, based on data from 386 cultural creative listed companies among China’s A share market in three years, using Tobit regression model as the empirical test, to analyze the impacts and action mode of creative efficiency of China’s Cultural and Creative enterprises systematically and comprehensively, in this way, this paper makes up the shortage in the previous related studies which are lack of micro-economic perspective and a lack of system thinking. At the same time, providing the theory and empirical evidence in improving creative efficiency of Cultural and Creative enterprises, formulating the industrial policies and perfecting the industrial environment.(3)In term of Creative Economy theory, Innovation theory and business growth core competence theory, three hypotheses are proposed in three areas of influence from cultural creative efficiency on the development of enterprises. According to the number of balance panels of 135 cultural creative listed companies among China’s A share market between year 2010 and 2013, the Panel regression Model and the Quantile Regression model were integrated used to empirically verify the above hypothesis. In compare to the previous studies on the relationship of innovation and enterprises development, the main issues of this paper are: the first is introducing “creativity”, which is different from the past study of enterprises creative mode. The second is the breakthrough in making use of single creative input or output indicators as independent variable in the past studies, this is the first time of the verification on the influence to enterprise development, and its difference among various development stages. In the third place, it has discussed in depth about the influence on enterprises’ growth made by each separated indexes of creative efficiency and has got rich practical results.Based on the theoretical construction and empirical test, in the paper, the present situation of creative efficiency and its causes and results in Chinese cultural creative enterprises have been discussed and analyzed deeply and comprehensively. It would enrich and develop the research of creative economy theory, innovation theory, efficiency theory and enterprise growth theory in the aspect of theory study. In addition, in the aspect of practical application, it would give some instructions and suggestion for cultural and creative enterprises on improving creative efficiency, promoting enterprises’ growth, as well as formulating industrial policies and improving industry environment for the governments.