Study On The Middle-Age Korean Annotation Of Chinese Confucian Classics

Confucianism was taken as the idea of governing a state in countries of Korean Peninsula in ancient times, thus the introduction and spreading of Confucian classics was given a particular concern.The Imperial Examination was an important system of selecting talents to Joseon Dynasty, Confucian classics was thus fixed as one of the vital examination contents. After Joseon King Sejong created Korean character Hunminjeongeum, lots of books written by Korean alphabet were published in Korean Peninsula. And most of the literatures from 15th Century to 16th century were handed down. As the first officially published Korean annotation of Chinese Confucian Classics, that one published at the end of 16th century vividly embodied the language characteristics of Korean at that time.This dissertation, with the historical process of Yanjie since the introducing of Confucian classics to North Korean as the foundation, analyzes the the Confucian Classics published at the end of 16th century from the perspective of linguistics, including phonology, morphology, vocabulary and syntax.The phenomena of markedness and phonetic is mainly discussed in terms of phonology. In Confucian classics Yanjie, consonants of ’(?), (?),(?)h, (?), (?)’ were fomed on the basement of attributive morpheme ’(?)’, and were usually used as the first phoneme of a syllable. The consonant’^’appeared nearly one century earlier than the time in traditional view (middle in the 17th century). In combination, using frequency of (?)-type phonetic was less than that of (?)-type phonetic, but (?)-type phonetic had more using types than (?)-type phonetic.Markedness of ba qim ’(?)’,’(?)’ was in a mess, two types of marks were shared. The phonetic "·" was still in the first period of change, nasal phenomenon existed in ’(?)/(?)/(?)’. And aspiration phenomenon appeared when the consonants of ’(?)’ and ’(?)’ between two stems or between stem and grammatical morphemes. Aspiration of consonant "(?)" hadn’t been formed.In terms of grammatical morphemes, case morphemes, conjunctive morphemes, final ending morphemes and attributive suffixes are the main point. Due to the unrefined classification of semantics in the middle of 15th century, one morpheme could be used to refer to variety of cases. For example, the possessive morpheme could also be used to express case of nominative, locative, theme and instrument. This situation hadn’t disappeared until the end of 16th century. Seven types of supplementary grammatical morphemes were used in Yanjie, most of them were comparison morphemes. About conjunctive morphemes, Confucial Classics explained the truth through quoting utterances of others’or historical stories, so conjunctive morphemes expressing reasons, conditions, oppostions and interpretations were in the majority of Yanjie. Morphemes such as ’(?), (?),(?)’ hasn’t been used except for the Confucian Classics, and (?),(?),(?)’ hasn’t been used until 16th century. Regarding the final ending morphemes, morphemes of declarative sentence, interrogative sentence and imperative sentence were used in Yanjie. During the middle age of North Korea, relative honorifics were divided into four degrees of ’(?) (?)’、’(?)’、’(?)’、’(?)’. The main content of the Analects of Confucius and Mencius were dialogues between teachers and students and between the monarch and his subjects, two relative honorific rank of (?) (?)’ and ’(?)’ were used in the Analects of Confucius Yanjie and Mencius Yanjie.At that time, the society were under the condition of strict hierarchy, a sharing action between the speaker and the hearer were not exist, so there were not morphemes expressing a joint action. The attributive suffix ’(?)’ was a unique form in Yanjie, which passed through the formation process of ’(?)>(?)>(?)’.The main characteristics on vocabulary included the followings. On frequency, the frequency of Chinese loanwords was higher than Inherence Korean words. Marks of vocabulary were changed due to phonetics, which resulted in different marks on one word. Mixing phenomenon existed between inherent Korean words and Chinese loanwords, between Chinese loanwords with phoetic notations of Korean and Chinese loanwords with phoetic notations of Chinese and between inherent words. It could be assumed from the frequency that a number of negative sentences were used in Yanjie. Basing on the population of the key words of Confucianism in North Korean at that time, parts of the vocabulary were introduced adhere to the original, and parts of vocabulary were interpreted according to the grammar of Korean.In syntax, negative sentences and embedded sentences are mainly discussed. Under the influence of Chinese, the sentence structure used in Yanjie were similar to that in the original, especially the structure of negative sentence and embedded sentence. Negative sentence mainly included (?)-type,(?)M-type,(?)-type and double negative sentence. And the embedded sentence were formed on the basement of’(?)’、’(?)’、’(?)’, However, the grammatical function of’(?)’、’(?)’、’(?)’ were different according to their usage.According to the hierarchical combination rule of language, phones form syllables, syllables form morphemes, and morphemes form words.words form sentences according to grammar of the language. The language characteristics of the Korean annotation of Chinese Confucian Classics published at the end of the 16th century were in line with the above language rule. Changes in phones were reflected in words, and changes in words and morphemes were shown in sentences.