The Way Of Living By Scholars And Tongcheng School

Zhisheng,which means making a living,refers to any activities used for material possession in this thesis. The essential purpose of human labor is for making a living. Because studying,taking imperial examination,being an official,serving as an adviser,or serving as a tutor of a private school,all of these aim to seek a livelihood. Scholars’ living has a direct connection with literary and academic activities,besides,the appearance and development of this school is boosted by Scholars’ activities about living to a large extent. This thesis attempts to have a general knowledge about Tongcheng school by observing scholars’ behaviors on Living which means studying literary schools from economic and social perspective. It not only probes into Tongcheng scholars’ opinions,practice,and personal incomeon about Living,but also studies the internal relationship between Living and the formation,appearance,and development of the School. As one of the researches in Sociology of literature and a form of literary theory,the social culture process of literature from creation to spreading reveals another true nature of literary school which represents a kind of history existence. This thesis is divided into five chapters.Chapter one analyzes the view of Tongcheng scholars on Living. It introduces the ancient Confucian tradition of morality outweighing profit, Tongcheng scholars’ inheritance and evolution on the ancient view of morality and profit,and the pragmatic features of Tongcheng scholars’ view on Living in virtually application which includes in family instruction and practice in Living. After general exploration of Tongcheng scholars’ Living practice,It can be demonstrated that the censure of calling them False Taoism is not objective,and that they are not inferior than other scholars. Taking Fang Zongcheng as an example,who owned the poorest reputation of Tongcheng school and was regarded as the represent of "False Taoism" in history,detailed research shows that censures of him are mostly inaccurate.The second chapter discusses the Tongcheng literators living way and income. The living way of Tongcheng litterateurs who mainly officials,persuaders,teachers,farmers and doctors were less different with that of other scholars in Qing Dynasty. This chapter not only has special meaning but also has general meaning and from the living approach taken by Tongcheng schools we can see that litterateurs’ ways of survival in Qing dynasty. In terms of occupations in each section,through imperial examination,donation,hereditary and recommendation,people can became an official. The number of Tongcheng literators who play roles in persuading,the general situation of Tongcheng literators,the characteristics of persuading and the way to gain occupation are named the doctrine of occupation. In different teaching systems such as public schools,academies,old-style privet schools and so on,the influence of Tongcheng literators is maxim so the headmaster of academies depending on the way of raising money decides the teaching mode.be brief,therefore,being a famer,a doctor are all the way of making living.The tirrd chapter studies the formation of Making Living Cycle and the Tongcheng School. Tongcheng School can be divided into different kinds of circles which are successive and mutual intersecting. Using circles to describe the state of Tongcheng School,it can roughly consist of three circles with different cores: officials,the head of clan and the regional clan. After clarifying the situation of various circles in the process of the formation of Tongcheng School,I will take Yao Yongpu and Yao Yongkai as an example,who are brothers in Tongcheng School,to demonstrate the complex features and blending situation of the circles.Chapter four : the influence of making living on Tongcheng school literature and academy. There are numerous impacts of making living on literature,but the most typical are the ghostwriting of aides and the phatic texts which embody various of traits such as few separated set,the unclear right of authorship,uneven level of ghostwriter. Phatic texts account a large quantity,with identical format,a large number of flatter words. Making living of academic impact to classics is at the highest,hardest,accompanying with most achievement,though the historical evaluation in this area is controversial. Among them,The Discussion of Sinology is the most typical which tests the relation between Fang Dongshu’s food operation and this article. The core idea of this thesis is the formation of making living and it’s school,discussing the distinction of creation style in main characters of Tongcheng scholars and different theories,as well as the reason why some members in Tongcheng school who did not agree with the school but are placed in this field by latter scholars.School circle decides the member of genre classification,at the same time,emerges the disadvantages of school view. A case in point is the self-recommendation paper of Liu Kai and Fang Zongcheng. Needs of analyzing making living make the contents similar,but the style is decided by the personality.Chapter five describes the connection between the financial capability of Tongcheng scholars on making living and the expansion of school. Firstly,cultivate people in education supported by financial resources. Secondly,printing and writing books to promote dissemination and expand influence of their school. Tongcheng school officials paid the most efforts on donating clan public property,though each family varies their financial resources which strongly affect the training of students,especially focus on assisting poor children. The tendency of fostering on the talents taking imperial examination did not change until founding of the Republic of China. These talents cultivation policies made a solid talent foundation of the clan,and also make the clan earn eternal power and reputation. Because the family economy participated in the training of talents,in Tongcheng school,scholars were brothers,father and son,clan often successively study ancient prose,then become the school members. Plenty of works of Tongcheng school,published in various forms,such as self-carved,other carved,family and local documents and collections of inscription,all discussing alone,are based on financial resources.