Zhejiang’s Cultural Atmosphere And The New Literature Around The 1911 Revolution

Taken the obvious interprovincial characteristics of Zhejiang Province as research object, meanwhile the cultural system in the special regional space was taken as the background. The period of the studies was from 1901 when the atmosphere of the Enlightenment of the lower level was widespread around the late Qing Dynasty in Zhejiang Province to 1924 when the Kuomintang-Chinese communist cooperation was established. Through combing the changes of atmosphere of public opinion in Zhejiang Province, we would discuss the connections between the cultural atmospheres which contained the history, cultural traditions and politics, media, education and so on within Zhejiang Province and the occurrence of the new literature. The connections also reflected in the campus culture, the women education as well as the works of new literature which were taken the revolution of Zhejiang Province as the background. Therefore, the sizable initiative was shown in the new literature in the cultural atmosphere of Zhejiang Province around 1911 revolution, which differed from it of in other interior provinces. Meanwhile the new literature with a kind of interlocutor attitude which contained selectivity acceptation, imitation and transformation towards the new thought early, even produced a certain reaction of the cultural center.The start of the public opinion in the cultural atmosphere of Zhejiang Province around 1911 revolution had benefited from the publication of Hangzhou Vernacular Newspaper on June 20,1901 in Hang Zhou. The public figures of Zhejiang new intellectual circle had paid great attentions on the union of enlightenment forms and the social movements. The characteristic of concentrating in the thought and the knowledge cannot leave the unique humanities and the political context of Zhejiang Province. As one of the previous provinces which had launched the student movement of studying in Japan, Zhejiang Province had depended on translating Chinese from Japanese books by the student studying in Japan, advertising for the Japanese teachers, organizing Zhejiang Tide as intermediary agent for transmitting the demand of nationalism to Zhejiang Province. Simultaneously, Zhejiang Province had centered on the provincial educational association that had focused on advancing the new education for the purpose, which had accelerated the communication of the experience of new culture in the Zhejiang Province through the origination of education publication and famous speeches. Two student movements which possessed literary characteristics had urged the folk opinion to move toward the society from the campus in the transformation age of Zhejiang Province and deep the development of the May 4th Movement of 1919 in Zhejiang Province. The public figures of Zhejiang new intellectual circle were also facing the pain of identity transformation. The cultural ecology and the literary style at that time had been transformed from folk culture into institute culture. The former coupled with the public media which urged the literature step onto the path of the institute culture and expanded the literature influence. This kind of process which was from the folk to the institute to society, had demonstrated the spirit of suiting the refined and popular tastes when the development of the space of Zhejiang new culture were advanced. The latter had centered on the campus of Zhejiang No.1 Teachers College. The theory and the practice of personal education which was advocated by Jing Hengyi had provided the preparation of accepting the new thought; meanwhile the literature practice which focused on the association of Zhejiang new tide and eight teachers who were called by four king Kong had participated in the construction of the new literature in the territory of Zhejiang Province. Meanwhile, Zhang Taiyan and his disciples was wind vane of the transformation in modern Chinese intellectual circle, those who had the close relations with the education of new literature. Their identifications and practices of "studying in folk", "eye studying and things learned by ear", "agreement of speech and writing", which not only had demonstrated the cultural context of the occurrence of new literature, but also had made clear that the process of the establishment of new literature research model was difficult.The gradual openness of modern port city and the start of the national industry and commerce, as well as new style industry, which had provided the essential physical conditions for the tendency of feminine professionalism. Simultaneously the atmosphere of public opinion which had been built by the public figures the new intellectual circle since the Reform Movement of 1898 had also awakened the new women ’s national consciousness, the spirit of the equality to support oneself and sex consciousness. During this process, late Qing Dynasty nationalism’s words start to seep to the feminine education and the feminist movement. The female schools, the feminine associations as well as the feminine publications were the important carriers which the feminine education and the feminist movement had been presented. Shanghai Chinese Female School which was found by Jing Yuanshan, not only changed the situation that the female mission school played full responsibility the female education, but also facilitated the public figures in new intellectual circle whose attentions of feminine education in Zhejiang Province were focused. The significance disseminations of Hui xing who had sacrifice her life for Zhenwen Female School had made clear that Manchu and ethnic Han Chinese who were two tribal groupings shared the physical conditions of modern media as well as the resources of nationalism words. The masculine enlighteners who advocated the female education had carried on the mold of the new woman pioneer by the way of abrogating foot-binding as well as advocating the women’s rights and so on. During this process, the new women’s outstanding individual started to awaken from some molds of status, and started to examine carefully topics about the objectives female education and Feminine own right and duty and so on. Meanwhile their approvals of heroine were gradually from ideas or images of the female national citizen and the new woman and so on. The foreign experience of female education which was manifested in Shan Shili’s travel notes had still limited to the masculine enlighteners regarding the new woman design and the frame, but the fact that the female started to make her sound in the public domain was already indisputability. The approvals of heroine begin at the time when Cai Yuanpei held the post of Shanghai Patriotic Girls’ school principal. It belonged to another female education trend outside the principle of being good wife and loving mother which were advocated well by the public figures of new intellectual circle. This ideological trend was received by the female students who were studying in Japan around 1903. It was also prominently displayed in the activities which were organized by the association of implementing common love whose representatives were Qiu Jin, Chen Xiefen as well as the organization of Chinese Female Student Studying in Japan. The Vernacular Newspaper and the Chinese Female Newspaper which were participated in and found by Qiu Jin were the guidance of women enlightenment. The media paid positive approval of the relations between the women revolution and the national revolution. Qiu Jin’s practices also had made by herself clear that the new women own transformations were difficult.As one of most representative revolutionary regions in modern Chinese history, the fact that Zhejiang had close relations with all revolutionary activities had facilitated the revolutionary traditions and characteristics of this regional literature. The unique environment of human geography had participated in the mold of the revolutionary tradition since the ancient times. It was not only displayed in the construction and the propaganda regarding the theory of revolution by Zhang Taiyan, but also displayed in the practical spirits whose representatives were centered at Tao Chengzhang and the Restoration Society. Just because of those factors, they promoted the expansion of the 1911 Revolution in Zhejiang Province. The students of Zhejiang who were studying in Japan participated in the propaganda and the dissemination of revolutionary ideas by creating public opinions in urban spaces between Tokyo, Shanghai and Hangzhou. Simultaneously their activities also facilitated the construction of the cyberspace of early revolution literature, and provided the new innate nature with the arrivals of new literature of May 4th. At the same time, the countryside space of Yaqian town, Xiaoshan county of Zhejiang Province had the unusual significance in the 1920s’s national revolution. A fairly large number of poetries of Shen Xuanlu’s and Liu Dabai’s carried on the description of it which had demonstrated the actual accomplishments of the poetry creation of Zhe jiang Province. Certainly, the connections between the 1911 Revolution and Zhejiang Province were the subject which the new literature paid attention on it frequently. It not only was reorganized in the dramatic literatures which were recomposed by the Qiu Jin event around the 1911 Revolution, but also manifested in the Evolution Group System’s play which beginning was Wang Zhongsheng and the Spring Sunshine Society. They had made the outstanding contribution for 1911 Revolution’s public opinion propaganda, and promoted the development of the revolutionary literature as well as the play education. At the same time, because they adopted the angle of view and the difference of the subculture resources, the writers of new literature represented by Lu Xun who confronted this historical event would expressed the dissemination of Zhejiang Province’s revolutions by splices: Regardless of narrating revolution history by way of participants, or recalling this section of revolutionary history by way of successors, Zhejiang Province revolutions ’dissemination and the new literature space would be their basis of narrating and creating works in which their concerns and introspection about local history and the region culture were flowed.